UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K
 
FOR ANNUAL AND TRANSITION REPORTS PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) 
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
(Mark One)	 	 	
 	 	 	
x	 	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
 	 	 	
For the fiscal year ended April 30, 2006	
 	 	 	
Or	
 	 	 	
o	 	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
 	 	 	
For the transition period from             to	
 	 	 	
Commission file number 000-23211	
 
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
Delaware	 	03-0338873	
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	 	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)	
 	 	 	
25 Greens Hill Lane, Rutland, VT	 	05701	
(Address of principal executive offices)	 	(Zip Code)	
 
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (802) 775-0325
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None.
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Class A common stock, $.01 per share par value
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  o   No  x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes  o   No  x
Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  x   No  o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K  x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check One):
Large accelerated filer o            Accelerated filer x            Non-accelerated filer o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o  No x
The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the last reported sale price of the registrant’s Class A common stock on the NASDAQ Stock Market at the close of business on October 31, 2005 was $305,459,441. The Company does not have any non-voting common stock outstanding.
There were 24,250,185 shares of Class A common stock, $.01 par value per share, of the registrant outstanding as of May 31, 2006. There were 988,200 shares of Class B common stock, $.01 par value per share, of the registrant outstanding as of May 31, 2006.

Documents Incorporated by Reference
Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III (except for information required with respect to executive officers of the Company, which is set forth under Part I — Business - “Executive Officers and Other Key Employees of the Company” and with respect to certain equity compensation plan information which is set forth under Part III-” Equity Compensation Plan Information”) have been omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, because the Company expects to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, not later than 120 days after the close of its fiscal year, a definitive proxy statement. The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this report, which will appear in the definitive proxy statement, is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 	 	 	 	 	
PART I.	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 1.	 	BUSINESS	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 1A.	 	RISK FACTORS	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 1B.	 	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 2.	 	PROPERTIES	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 3.	 	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 4.	 	SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
PART II.	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 5.	 	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 6.	 	SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OPERATING DATA	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 7.	 	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 7A.	 	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 8.	 	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 9.	 	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 9A.	 	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 9B.	 	OTHER INFORMATION	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
PART III.	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.	 	INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE FROM DEFINITIVE PROXY STATEMENT	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
PART IV.	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
ITEM 15.	 	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
SIGNATURES	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
EXHIBIT INDEX	 	 	
 
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PART I
Forward Looking Statements
This Form 10-K and other reports, proxy statements, and other communications to stockholders, as well as oral statements by our officers or our agents, may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act, with respect to, among other things, our future revenues, operating income, or earnings per share. Without limiting the foregoing, any statements contained in this Form 10-K that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements, and the words “believes”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “expects”, and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. There are a number of important factors of which we are aware that may cause our actual results to vary materially from those forecasted or projected in any such forward-looking statement, certain of which are beyond our control. Our failure to successfully address any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. is a vertically-integrated regional solid waste services company that provides collection, transfer, disposal and recycling services to residential, industrial and commercial customers, primarily in the eastern United States. We believe we are currently the number one or number two provider of solid waste collection services in approximately 80% of the areas served by our collection divisions. As of May 31, 2006, we owned and/or operated  nine Subtitle D landfills, two landfills permitted to accept construction and demolition materials, 39 solid waste collection operations, 33 transfer stations, 39 recycling facilities, one waste-to-energy facility and a 50% interest in a joint venture that manufactures, markets and sells cellulose insulation made from recycled fiber.
Overview of Our Business
Background.   Casella Waste Systems, Inc. was founded in 1975 as a single truck operation in Rutland, Vermont and subsequently expanded to include operations in New Hampshire, Maine, upstate New York, northern Pennsylvania and eastern Massachusetts. In 1993, we initiated an acquisition strategy to take advantage of anticipated reductions in available landfill capacity in Vermont and surrounding states due to increasing environmental regulation and other market forces driving consolidation in the solid waste services industry. In 1995, we expanded our operations from Vermont and New Hampshire to Maine with the acquisition of the companies comprising New England Waste Services of ME, Inc., and in January 1997 we established a market presence in upstate New York and northern Pennsylvania through our acquisition of Superior Disposal Services, Inc.’s business.
In 1997, we raised $50.2 million from the initial public offering of shares of our Class A common stock. In 1998, we raised an additional $41.3 million through a follow-on public offering of an additional 1.6 million shares of Class A common stock. In August 2000, we sold 55,750 shares of our Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock to Berkshire Partners LLC, an investment firm, and other investors for $55.8 million.
In December 1999, we acquired KTI, an integrated provider of waste processing services, for aggregate consideration of $340.0 million. Following our acquisition of KTI, through 2002, we focused on the integration of KTI and the divestiture of non-core KTI assets.
From 2003 to date, we have focused on building our disposal capacity within our footprint, using our partnership model. We believe we have been successful, because we added Hardwick at the end of fiscal year 2003 and Southbridge in Massachusetts, Ontario in upper New York State and Juniper Ridge (formerly West Old Town) in Maine, all in fiscal year 2004, Chemung County landfill in New York in fiscal year 2006, as well as expanded our annual permit limits and overall capacity at our other sites that we own or operate. In fiscal year 2004 and 2005 we were successful in securing an increase of our permitted volume capacity at our Hakes and Waste USA landfill facilities and our Hyland landfill facility received a necessary local approval for the future expansion of the site (subject to receipt of permits).
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In late September 2005 we commenced operations at the Chemung County Landfill, after executing a twenty-five year operating, management and lease agreement with Chemung County, New York. The landfill is permitted to accept 120,000 tons per year of municipal solid waste. We have also assumed operations of the solid waste transfer station and recycling facility. We made initial payments of $4.9 million related to this transaction. In January 2006, we assumed the closure contract for the Worcester, Massachusetts landfill. Purchase consideration was comprised of forgiveness of receivables and assumption of certain liabilities amounting to $4.6 million. In December, 2005, through an agreement with the Town of Colebrook, NH, we began accepting non hazardous waste to shape, cap, and close that Town’s landfill site. Approximately 600,000 tons of capacity has been created through this project and the project is expected to last approximately three years.
The annual tons disposed in our landfills have increased from 1.8 million tons in fiscal year 2004 to 2.9 million tons in fiscal year 2006, and total permitted and permittable capacity has increased from 29.6 tons at May 1, 2003 to 86.7 million tons at April 30, 2006. We have also closed on 37 tuck-in acquisitions during that time. From May 1, 1994 through April 30, 2006, we acquired 227 solid waste collection, transfer, recycling and disposal operations. In fiscal year 2006 we acquired 15 solid waste hauling and recycling operations.
Our objective in building disposal capacity is to increase our vertical integration within our footprint to optimize our control of the waste stream from collection through disposal, thereby providing an economic benefit. Internalization of waste refers to the amount of waste that our collection companies collect that is ultimately disposed of in one of our disposal facilities. As a result of our success in building disposal capacity our internalization increased to 56.6% in fiscal year 2006 from 53.2% in fiscal year 2004.
On September 19, 2005 we acquired Blue Mountain Recycling, LLC which has two single-stream recycling facilities in Philadelphia and Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania and a small recyclable material transfer station in Upper Dublin, Pennsylvania. Blue Mountain also has a processing agreement with RecycleBank LLC, an incentive-based recycling service that gives homeowners credits for recycling which can be used with participating merchants.
We continue to be focused on selectively pursuing accretive acquisitions with the goal of increasing route density and landfill internalization through tuck-in opportunities and by acquiring or agreeing to operate strategically located landfills. We have also focused on measuring return on net assets as a metric to aligning performance with these stated objectives.
Solid Waste Operations
Our solid waste operations comprise a full range of non-hazardous solid waste services, including collection operations, transfer stations, material recycling facilities and disposal facilities.
Collections.   A majority of our commercial and industrial collection services are performed under one-to-three-year service agreements, with prices and fees determined by such factors as collection frequency, type of equipment and containers furnished, the type, volume and weight of solid waste collected, distance to the disposal or processing facility and cost of disposal or processing. Our residential collection and disposal services are performed either on a subscription basis (i.e., with no underlying contract) with individuals, or through contracts with municipalities, homeowner associations, apartment building owners, or mobile home park operators.
Transfer Stations.   Our transfer stations receive, compact and transfer solid waste collected primarily by various collection operations, for transport to disposal facilities by larger vehicles. We believe that transfer stations benefit us by: (1) increasing the size of the wastesheds which have access to our landfills; (2) reducing costs by improving utilization of collection personnel and equipment; and (3) helping us build relationships with municipalities and other customers by providing a local physical presence and enhanced local service capabilities.
Material Recycling Facilities.   Our material recycling facilities, or MRFs, receive, sort, bale and resell recyclable materials originating from the municipal solid waste stream, including newsprint, cardboard, office paper,
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containers and bottles. Through FCR, we operate 20 MRFs in geographic areas not served by our collection divisions or disposal facilities and 4 in geographic areas served by our collection divisions. Revenues are received from municipalities and customers in the form of processing, tipping fees and commodity sales. These MRFs are large-scale, high-volume facilities that process recycled materials delivered to them by municipalities and commercial customers under long-term contracts. We also operate MRFs as an integral part of our core solid waste operations, which generally process recyclables collected from our various residential collection operations. This latter group is concentrated primarily in Vermont, as the public sector in other states within our core solid waste services market area has generally maintained primary responsibility for recycling efforts.
Disposal Facilities.   We dispose of solid waste at our landfills and at our waste-to-energy facility.
Landfills.   The following table (in thousands) reflects landfill capacity and airspace changes, as measured in tons, as of April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, for landfills we operated during the years then ended:
 	 	April 30, 2004	 	April 30, 2005	 	April 30, 2006	 	
 	 	Estimated
Remaining
Permitted
Capacity
in Tons
(1)	 	Estimated
Additional
Permittable
Capacity
in Tons
(1)(2)	 	Estimated
Total
Capacity	 	Estimated
Remaining
Permitted
Capacity
in Tons
(1)	 	Estimated
Additional
Permittable
Capacity
in Tons
(1)(2)	 	Estimated
Total
Capacity	 	Estimated
Remaining
Permitted
Capacity
in Tons
(1)	 	Estimated
Additional
Permittable
Capacity
in Tons
(1)(2)	 	Estimated
Total
Capacity	 	
Balance, beginning of period	 	7,313	 	22,314	 	29,627	 	15,307	 	50,337	 	65,644	 	25,681	 	56,008	 	81,689	 	
Acquisitions(3)	 	9,609	 	28,353	 	37,962	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	1,243	 	3,288	 	4,531	 	
New expansions pursued(4)	 	—	 	225	 	225	 	 	 	16,830	 	16,830	 	 	 	2,182	 	2,182	 	
Permits granted(5)	 	97	 	—	 	97	 	11,453	 	(11,453	)	—	 	349	 	(349	)	—	 	
Airspace consumed	 	(1,840	)	—	 	(1,840	)	(2,527	)	—	 	(2,527	)	(2,889	)	—	 	(2,889	)	
Changes in engineering estimates	 	128	 	(555	)	(427	)	1,448	 	294	 	1,742	 	(308	)	1,448	 	1,140	 	
Balance, end of period	 	15,307	 	50,337	 	65,644	 	25,681	 	56,008	 	81,689	 	24,076	 	62,577	 	86,653	 	

(1)            We convert estimated remaining permitted capacity and estimated additional permittable capacity from cubic yards to tons by assuming a compaction factor equal to the historic average compaction factor applicable to the respective landfill over the last three fiscal years. In addition to a total capacity limit, certain permits may place a daily and/or annual limit on capacity.
(2)            Represents capacity which we have determined to be “permittable” in accordance with the following criteria: (i) we control the land on which the expansion is sought; (ii) all technical siting criteria have been met or a variance has been obtained or is reasonably expected to be obtained; (iii) we have not identified any legal or political impediments which we believe will not be resolved in our favor; (iv) we are actively working on obtaining any necessary permits and we expect that all required permits will be received; and (v) senior management has approved the project.
(3)            The increase in fiscal year 2006 acquired airspace capacity is due to our new Chemung landfill operating contract.
(4)            The increase in fiscal year 2005 is primarily due to a determination of additional permittable airspace capacity at our Hyland, Juniper Ridge and Waste USA landfills. The increase in fiscal year 2006 is due to a determination of additional permittable airspace capacity at our Southbridge and Clinton County landfills. This caption does not include certain expansion capacity which we are seeking at our NCES landfill. Because expansion capacity at our NCES landfill has been the subject of litigation, the capacity associated with the litigation, 1.1 million tons with an estimated useful life of 8.5 years, has been omitted.
(5)            The increase in permitted airspace capacity in fiscal 2005 is associated with permits granted at our Ontario, Juniper Ridge and Waste USA landfill facilities.
NCES.          The North Country Environmental Services (“NCES”) landfill located in Bethlehem, New Hampshire serves the  wastesheds of New Hampshire and certain contiguous Vermont, Maine and Massachusetts wastesheds. Since the purchase of this landfill in 1994, we have experienced opposition from the local town through enactment of restrictive local zoning and planning ordinances. In each case, in order to access additional capacity, we have been required to assert our rights through litigation in the New Hampshire court system. In August 2005, we received approval for additional capacity within the original 51
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acres, which we expect to last into fiscal year 2010. In addition, although we received state approval for an additional use of approximately 1.1 million tons, outside the original 51 acres, our right to use that capacity has been limited by both a ruling of the New Hampshire Supreme Court, which remains subject to litigation as a result of a partial remand of certain outstanding issues back to the trial court, and the adoption of an ordinance by the Town in March 2005 prohibiting expansion outside the original 51 acres, which is also the subject of on-going litigation.
Waste USA.   The Waste USA landfill is located in Coventry, Vermont and serves the major wastesheds throughout  Vermont. The landfill is permitted to accept residential and commercially produced municipal solid waste, including pre-approved sludges, and construction and demolition debris. Since our purchase of this landfill in 1995, we have expanded the capacity of this landfill which we expect to last through approximately fiscal year 2029. In fiscal year 2005, the annual permit was increased from 240,000 to 370,000 tons.
Clinton County.   The Clinton County landfill, located in Schuyler Falls, New York, is leased from Clinton County pursuant to a 25-year lease which expires in 2021. The landfill serves the principal wastesheds of Clinton, Franklin, Essex, Warren, Washington, and Saratoga Counties in New York, and certain selected contiguous Vermont wastesheds. Permitted waste accepted includes municipal solid waste, construction and demolition debris, and special waste which is approved by regulatory agencies. The facility is currently in the final stages of a multi-year landfill expansion permitting process which, if successful, would provide considerable additional volume beyond the current terms of the lease agreement. We have entered into extended agreements with the Town and County applicable to this additional volume.
Pine Tree.   The Pine Tree landfill is located in Hampden, Maine. It is permitted to accept construction and demolition material, ash, front-end processing residues from the waste-to-energy facilities within the State of Maine and related sludges and special waste that is approved by regulatory agencies. In addition, it is permitted to accept municipal solid waste that is by-pass waste from the Maine Energy Recovery Company, Limited Partnership (“Maine Energy”) and Penobscot Energy Recovery Company (“PERC”) waste-to-energy facilities, as well as municipal solid waste that is in excess of the processing capacities of other waste-to-energy facilities within the State of Maine.
Hardwick.   The Hardwick landfill, which was acquired in March 2003, located in Hardwick, Massachusetts, is permitted to accept municipal solid waste, construction and demolition material and certain difficult-to-manage wastes. The facility currently is permitted to accept up to 400 tons per day of municipal solid waste with an annual permitted capacity of 82,800 tons of municipal solid waste. The Hardwick landfill is located on an 18-acre of waste footprint. In addition, we have options to purchase approximately 253 additional acres that are adjacent to the landfill. We estimate that at its current permit limits, the facility has approximately five years of operating life, to the extent certain challenged rulings by the Zoning Enforcement Officer do not impede continued development in such areas of the landfill.
Juniper Ridge (formerly West Old Town).  On February 5, 2004, we completed transactions with the State of Maine and Georgia-Pacific, pursuant to which the State of Maine took ownership of the landfill located in West Old Town, Maine formerly owned by Georgia Pacific and we became the operator of that facility under a 30 year operating and services agreement between us and the State of Maine. The Maine DEP permitted 10 million cubic yards of capacity in April 2004. The site is located on a 780-acre parcel of property with 68 acres currently dedicated for waste disposal. The site has sufficient acreage within the 780 acres to permit the additional airspace required for the term of the 30 year operating and services agreement. The site is currently permitted to take construction and demolition wastes, municipal waste incinerator residues, treat plant sludge, oil spill debris, fossil fuel combustor ash, and miscellaneous special waste from within the state of Maine. There are no annual tonnage limitations at Juniper Ridge landfill.
Southbridge.   On November 25, 2003, we acquired Southbridge Recycling and Disposal Park, Inc. (“Southbridge Recycling and Disposal”). Southbridge Recycling and Disposal has a contract with the Town of Southbridge, Massachusetts to maintain and operate a 13-acre construction and demolition recycling facility and a 52-acre landfill permitted to accept residuals from the recycling facility and a limited amount of municipal solid waste. The contract has a remaining term of 10 years and is renewable by us for four additional five-year terms or until the landfill has reached full capacity, whichever is greater. The landfill has currently permitted volume of approximately 3.9 million tons and is authorized to accept up to 180,960 tons per year, consisting of 156,000 tons of construction and demolition material and 24,960 tons of municipal solid waste.
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Maine Energy Waste-to-Energy Facility.   We own a waste-to-energy facility, Maine Energy, which generates electricity by processing non-hazardous solid waste. This waste-to-energy facility provides us with important additional disposal capacity and generates power for sale. The facility receives solid waste from municipalities under long-term waste handling agreements and also receives raw materials from commercial and private waste haulers and municipalities with short-term contracts, as well as from our collection operations. Maine Energy is contractually required to sell all of the electricity generated at its facility to Central Maine Power, an electric utility, and guarantees 100% of its electric generating capacity to CL Power Sales One, LLC. Our use of the facility is subject to permit conditions, some of which are opposed by local authorities. See “—Regulation.”
Hyland.   The Hyland landfill, located in Angelica, New York, serves certain Western region wastesheds located throughout western New York. The facility is permitted to accept all residential and commercial municipal solid waste, construction and demolition debris and special waste which is approved by regulatory agencies. The facility is located on a 600-acre property, which represents considerable additional expansion capabilities. In 1999, as part of a long-term settlement with the Town of Angelica, we entered into an agreement requiring a permissive referendum to expand beyond a pre-agreed footprint. During the 2004 local elections, the town passed the required permissive referendum related to the future expansion of the site. The technical permitting process is nearly complete. The permit modification is for an additional 38 acres, representing in excess of 6.8 million tons of additional capacity.
Ontario.   We have entered into a 25-year operation, management and lease agreement with the Ontario County Board of Supervisors for the Ontario County Landfill, which is located in the Town of Seneca, New York. We commenced operations on December 8, 2003. This landfill serves the central New York wasteshed and is strategically situated to accept long haul volume from both Eastern and downstate markets. The site consists of a 387-acre landfill permitted to accept 624,000 tons per year of municipal solid waste. During fiscal 2005 we received a permit modification for an additional 3.9 million tons. Additional potential expansions amount to an estimated 7.2 million tons.
Hakes.   The Hakes construction and demolition landfill, located in Campbell, New York, is permitted to accept only construction and demolition material. The landfill serves the principal rural wastesheds of western New York. We believe that the site has permittable capacity of 3.8 million tons, based on existing regulatory requirements and local community support. The lead permitting agency, NYSDEC, has accepted the final supplemental environmental impact statement and all permits should be issued in fiscal year 2007. We have entered into a revised long-term host community agreement related to the expansion of the facility. In November 2003 we were successful in securing an increase of our permitted volume capacity from 417 to 1,000 tons per day.
Chemung.   We have entered into a 25-year operation, management and lease agreement with Chemung County for certain facilities located within the county utilized in the collection, management and disposal of solid waste including the Chemung County Landfill, which is located in the Town of Chemung, New York. We commenced operations on September 19, 2005. This landfill serves the central and southern tier New York wastesheds and is strategically situated to accept long haul volume from both Eastern and downstate markets. The site consists of a 221- acre landfill permitted to accept 120,000 tons of municipal solid waste and 20,000 tons of construction and demolition material per year. The landfill has further expansion capabilities of an additional 25 acres and an estimated 5.1 million tons.
Closure Projects
In April 2005, we started operations at the Worcester, MA landfill, a closure project with approximately 3.5 million tons of available capacity as of April 30, 2006. In January 2006, we assumed the closure contract for this landfill. Purchase consideration was comprised of forgiveness of receivables and assumption of certain liabilities amounting to $4.6 million. In addition, in December, 2005, through an agreement with the Town of Colebrook, NH, we began accepting non hazardous waste to shape, cap, and close that Town’s landfill site. Approximately 600,000 tons of capacity has been created through this project and is expected to last approximately
8

three years. The Worcester and Colebrook landfills are not included in the above table of remaining landfill capacity. In addition, we own and/or operated six unlined landfills and one lined landfill which are not currently in operation. All of the unlined landfills have been closed and capped to applicable environmental regulatory standards by us.
Operating Segments
We manage our solid waste operations on a geographic basis through four regions, which we have designated as the North Eastern, South Eastern, Central and Western regions and which each comprise a full range of solid waste services, and FCR, which comprises our larger-scale non-solid waste recycling and our brokerage operations (See Note 19 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 of this Form 10-K for a summary of revenues, profitability and total assets of our five operating segments).
Within each geographic region, we organize our solid waste services around smaller areas that we refer to as “wastesheds.” A wasteshed is an area that comprises the complete cycle of activities in the solid waste services process, from collection to transfer operations and recycling to disposal in either landfills or waste-to-energy facilities, some of which may be owned and operated by third parties. We typically operate several divisions within each wasteshed, each of which provides a particular service, such as collection, recycling, disposal or transfer. Each of these divisions is managed as a separate profit center, but operates interdependently with the other divisions within the wasteshed. Each wasteshed generally operates autonomously from adjoining wastesheds.
Through its 24 material recycling facilities and 1 transfer station, FCR services 31 anchor contracts, which are long-term commitments of five years or greater which guarantee the delivery of all recycled residential recyclables to FCR. These contracts may include a minimum volume guarantee by the municipality. We also have service agreements with individual towns and cities and commercial customers, including small solid waste companies and major competitors that do not have processing capacity within a specific geographic region. The 24 FCR material recycling facilities process recyclables collected from approximately 3.0 million households, representing a population of approximately 10.4 million people.
The following table provides information about each solid waste region and FCR (as of May 31, 2006 except revenue information, which is for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2006).
 	 	North Eastern	 	South Eastern	 	Central	 	Western	 	FCR	 	
 	 	Region	 	Region	 	Region	 	Region	 	Recycling	 	
Revenues (in millions)	 	$109.9	 	$88.4	 	$117.8	 	$101.1	 	$89.8	 	
Solid waste collection operations	 	7	 	7	 	12	 	13	 	—	 	
Transfer stations	 	3	 	4	 	14	 	11	 	1	 	
Recycling facilities	 	5	 	2	 	5	 	3	 	24	 	
Subtitle D landfills	 	Pine Tree
Juniper Ridge	 	Hardwick	 	NCES
Waste USA
Clinton County	 	Hyland
Ontario
Chemung	 	—	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other disposal facilities(1)	 	Maine Energy	 	Southbridge	 	—	 	Hakes	 	—	 	

(1)             The Maine Energy facility is a waste-to-energy facility. The Southbridge disposal facility is permitted to accept construction and demolition material and a limited amount of municipal solid waste. In April 2005, we started operations at the Worcester, MA landfill, a closure project with approximately 3.5 million tons of available capacity as of April 30, 2006. In December, 2005, through an agreement with the Town of Colebrook, NH, we began accepting non hazardous waste to shape, cap, and close that Town’s landfill site. Approximately 600,000 tons of capacity has been created through this project and is expected to last approximately three years.
North Eastern region.   The North Eastern region consists of wastesheds located in Maine. These wastesheds generally have been affected by the regional constraints on disposal capacity imposed by the public policies of New Hampshire, Maine and Massachusetts which have, over the past 10 years, either limited new landfill development or precluded development of additional capacity from existing landfills. Consequently, the North Eastern region relies
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more heavily on non-landfill waste-to-energy disposal capacity than our other regions. Maine Energy is one of four waste-to-energy facilities in the North Eastern region.
We entered the State of Maine in 1996 with our purchase of the assets comprising New England Waste Services of ME, Inc. in Hampden, Maine, which included the Pine Tree landfill. Our acquisition of KTI in 1999 significantly improved our disposal capacity in this region as the acquisition included the Maine Energy waste-to-energy facility and provided an alternative internalization option for our solid waste assets in eastern Massachusetts. In 2004, we obtained the right to operate the Juniper Ridge landfill under a 30 year agreement with the State of Maine. Our major competitor in the State of Maine is Waste Management, Inc., and we also compete with smaller local competitors.
South Eastern region.   We entered eastern Massachusetts in fiscal year 2000 with the acquisition of assets that were divested by Allied Waste Industries, Inc. and through the acquisition of smaller independent operators. In this region, we rely to a large extent on third party disposal capacity. We believe we have a greater opportunity to increase our internalization rates and operating efficiencies in the South Eastern region through our ownership of the Hardwick landfill, which is currently permitted to accept 400 tons per day of municipal solid waste, and through the Southbridge landfill which is annually permitted to accept 156,000 tons of construction and demolition material and 24,960 tons of municipal solid waste. Our primary competitors in eastern Massachusetts are Waste Management, Inc., Allied Waste Industries, Inc., and smaller independent operators.
Central region.   The Central region consists of wastesheds located in Vermont, north and south western New Hampshire and eastern New York. The portion of New York served by the Central region includes Clinton (operation of the Clinton County landfill), Franklin, Essex, Warren, Washington, Saratoga, Rennselaer and Albany counties. Our Waste USA landfill in Coventry, Vermont is one of only two permitted Subtitle D landfills in Vermont, and our NCES landfill in Bethlehem, New Hampshire is one of only six permitted Subtitle D landfills in New Hampshire. In the Central region, there are a total of 13 permitted Subtitle D landfills.
The Central region has become our most mature operating platform, as we have operated in this region since our inception in 1975. We have achieved a high degree of vertical integration of the waste stream in this region, resulting in stable cash flow performance. In the Central region, we also have a market leadership position. Our primary competition in the Central region comes from Waste Management, Inc. and Allied Waste Industries, Inc. in the larger population centers (primarily southern New Hampshire and Eastern New York) and from smaller independent operators in the more rural areas. As our most mature region, we believe that future operating efficiencies will be driven primarily by improving our core operating efficiencies, increased recycling capabilities such as single stream processing, and providing enhanced customer service.
Western region.   The Western region consists of wastesheds in upstate New York (which includes Ithaca, Elmira, Oneonta, Lowville, Potsdam, Geneva, Auburn, Buffalo, Jamestown and Olean). We entered the Western region with our acquisition of Superior Disposal Services, Inc.’s business in 1997 and have expanded in this region largely through tuck-in acquisitions and internal growth. Our collection operations include leadership positions in nearly every rural market in the Western region outside of larger metropolitan markets such as Syracuse, Rochester and Albany.
While we have achieved strong market positions in this region, we remain focused on increasing our vertical integration through the acquisition or privatization and operation of additional disposal capacity in the market. As compared to our other operating regions, the Western region, where we own the Hyland and Hakes landfills and operate the Ontario and Chemung County landfills, presently contains an excess of disposal capacity as a result of the proliferation during the 1990s of publicly-developed Subtitle D landfills. As a result, we believe that opportunities exist for us to enter into long-term leasing arrangements and other strategic partnerships with county and municipal governments for the operation and/or utilization of their landfills, similar to our long-term leases for the Ontario and Chemung County landfills. We expect that successful implementation of this strategy will lead to improved internalization rates.
Our primary competitors in the Western region are Waste Management, Inc. and Allied Waste Industries, Inc. in the larger urban areas and smaller independent operators in the more rural markets.
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FCR Recycling.   FCR Recycling is one of the largest processors and marketers of recycled materials in the eastern United States, comprising 24 material recycling facilities that process and then market recyclable materials that municipalities and commercial customers deliver to it under long-term contracts. Nine of FCR’s facilities are leased, eight are owned and seven are under operating contracts. In fiscal year 2006, FCR processed and marketed approximately 1.2 million tons of recyclable materials. FCR’s facilities are principally located in key urban markets, including Connecticut; North Carolina; New Jersey; Florida; Tennessee; Georgia; Michigan; New York; South Carolina; Massachusetts; Wisconsin; Maine; and Pennsylvania.
A significant portion of the material provided to FCR is delivered pursuant to 31 anchor contracts, which are long-term contracts. The anchor contracts generally have an original term of five to ten years and expire at various times between 2007 and 2028. The terms of each of the contracts vary, but all of the contracts provide that the municipality or a third party delivers materials to our facility. In approximately one-fourth of the contracts, the municipalities agree to deliver a guaranteed tonnage and the municipality pays a fee for the amount of any shortfall from the guaranteed tonnage. Under the terms of the individual contracts, we charge the municipality a fee for each ton of material delivered to us. Some contracts contain revenue sharing arrangements under which the municipality receives a specified percentage of the revenues from the sale by us of the recovered materials.
FCR derives a significant portion of its revenues from the sale of recyclable materials. The purchase and sale prices of recyclable materials, particularly newspaper, corrugated containers, plastics, ferrous and aluminum, can fluctuate based upon market conditions. We use long-term supply contracts with customers with floor price arrangements to reduce the commodity risk for certain recyclables, particularly newspaper, cardboard, plastics, aluminum and metals. Under such contracts, we obtain a guaranteed minimum price for the recyclable materials along with a commitment to receive additional amounts if the current market price rises above the floor price. The contracts are generally with large domestic companies that use the recyclable materials in their manufacturing process, such as paper, packaging and consumer goods companies. In fiscal year 2006, 45% of the revenues from the sale of recyclable materials of the residential recycling segment were derived from sales under long-term contracts with floor prices. We also hedge against fluctuations in the commodity prices of recycled paper and corrugated containers in order to mitigate the variability in cash flows and earnings generated from the sales of recycled materials at floating prices. As of April 30, 2006, we were party to 36 commodity hedge contracts. These contracts expire between May 2006 and November 2008.
As part of our acquisition of KTI, we had acquired brokerage businesses which were focused on domestic and export markets. In September 2002, we transferred our export brokerage operations to employees who had been responsible for managing that business. Effective April 1, 2004, the transfer of those export brokerage operations were reflected as a sale for total consideration of approximately $5.0 million. The gain on the sale amounted to approximately $1.1 million. In June 2003, we transferred our domestic brokerage operations and a commercial recycling business to employees who managed those businesses. The brokerage businesses derived all of their revenues from the sale of recyclable materials, predominately old newspaper, old corrugated cardboard, mixed paper and office paper. The brokers in the brokerage operation were required to identify both the buyer and the seller of the recyclable materials before committing to broker the transaction, thereby minimizing pricing risk, and were not permitted to enter into speculative trading of commodities.
During the second quarter of fiscal 2005, we completed the sale of the assets of Data Destruction Services, Inc. (Data Destruction) for cash sale proceeds of $3.0 million. This shredding operation had been historically accounted for as a component of continuing operations as part of the FCR Recycling region up until its sale. The transaction required discontinued operations treatment under SFAS No. 144, therefore the operating results of Data Destruction have been reclassified from continuing to discontinued operations in fiscal 2004 and 2005. Also in connection with the discontinued accounting treatment, the loss (net of tax) from the sale amounting to $0.1 million has been recorded and classified as a loss on disposal of discontinued operations.
Effective August 1, 2005, we transferred our Canadian recycling operation to a former employee who had been responsible for managing that business. Consideration for this transaction was in the form of a note receivable
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amounting up to $1.3 million which is payable within six years of the anniversary date of the transaction to the extent of free cash flow generated from the operations.
GreenFiber Cellulose Insulation Joint Venture
We are a 50% partner in US GreenFiber LLC (“GreenFiber”), a joint venture with Louisana-Pacific. GreenFiber, which we believe is the largest manufacturer of high quality cellulose insulation for use in residential dwellings and manufactured housing, was formed through the combination of our cellulose operations, which we acquired in our acquisition of KTI, with those of Louisiana-Pacific. Based in Charlotte, North Carolina, GreenFiber has a national manufacturing and distribution capability and sells to contractors, manufactured home builders and retailers, including Home Depot, Inc. GreenFiber has fourteen manufacturing facilities, located in Atlanta, Georgia; Charlotte, North Carolina; Delphos, Ohio; Elkwood, Virginia; Norfolk, Nebraska; Phoenix, Arizona; Sacramento, California; Tampa, Florida; Denver, Colorado; Albany, New York; Waco, Texas; St. Louis, IL; and Salt Lake City, UT. GreenFiber utilizes a hedging strategy to help stabilize its exposure to fluctuating newsprint costs, which generally represent approximately 62% of its raw material costs, and is a major purchaser of FCR Recycling fiber material produced at various facilities. GreenFiber, which we account for under the equity method, had revenues of $178.7 million for the twelve months ended April 30, 2006. For the same period, we recognized equity income from GreenFiber of $5.9 million.
Competition
The solid waste services industry is highly competitive. We compete for collection and disposal volume primarily on the basis of the quality, breadth and price of our services. From time to time, competitors may reduce the price of their services in an effort to expand market share or to win a competitively bid municipal contract. These practices may also lead to reduced pricing for our services or the loss of business. In addition, competition exists within the industry not only for collection, transportation and disposal volume, but also for potential acquisition candidates.
The larger urban markets in which we compete are served by one or more of the large national solid waste companies that may be able to achieve greater economies of scale than us, including Waste Management, Inc. and Allied Waste Industries, Inc. We also compete with a number of regional and local companies that offer competitive prices and quality service. In addition, we compete with operators of alternative disposal facilities, including incinerators, and with certain municipalities, counties and districts that operate their own solid waste collection and disposal facilities. Public sector facilities may have certain advantages over us due to the availability of user fees, charges or tax revenues and tax-exempt financing.
The insulation industry is highly competitive and labor intensive. In our cellulose insulation manufacturing activities, GreenFiber, our joint venture with Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, competes primarily with manufacturers of fiberglass insulation such as Owens Corning, CertainTeed Corporation and Johns Manville. These manufacturers have significant market shares and are substantially better capitalized than GreenFiber.
Marketing and Sales
We have a coordinated marketing and sales strategy, which is formulated at the corporate level and implemented at the divisional level. We market our services locally through division managers and direct sales representatives who focus on commercial, industrial, municipal and residential customers. We also obtain new customers from referral sources and our general reputation. Leads are developed from new building permits, business licenses and other public records. Additionally, each division generally advertises in the yellow pages and other local business print media that cover its service area.
Maintenance of a local presence and identity is an important aspect of our marketing plan, and many of our managers are involved in local governmental, civic and business organizations. Our name and logo, or, where appropriate, that of our divisional operations, are displayed on all of our containers and trucks. Additionally, we attend and make presentations at municipal and state conferences and advertise in governmental associations’ membership publications.
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We market our commercial, industrial and municipal services through our sales representatives who visit customers on a regular basis and make sales calls to potential new customers. These sales representatives receive a significant portion of their compensation based upon meeting certain incentive targets. We emphasize providing quality service and customer satisfaction, and believe that our focus on quality service will help retain existing and attract additional customers.
Employees
As of May 31, 2006, we employed approximately 2,900 people, including approximately 600 professionals or managers, sales, clerical, data processing or other administrative employees and approximately 2,300 employees involved in collection, transfer, disposal, recycling or other operations. Approximately 132 of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe relations with our employees to be satisfactory.
Risk Management, Insurance and Performance or Surety Bonds
We actively maintain environmental and other risk management programs which we believe are appropriate for our business. Our environmental risk management program includes evaluating existing facilities, as well as potential acquisitions, for environmental law compliance and operating procedures. We also maintain a worker safety program, which encourages safe practices in the workplace. Operating practices at all of our operations are intended to reduce the possibility of environmental contamination and litigation.
We carry a range of insurance intended to protect our assets and operations, including a commercial general liability policy and a property damage policy. A partially or completely uninsured claim against us (including liabilities associated with cleanup or remediation at our facilities), if successful and of sufficient magnitude, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any future difficulty in obtaining insurance could also impair our ability to secure future contracts, which may be conditioned upon the availability of adequate insurance coverage.
Effective July 1, 1999, we established a captive insurance company, Casella Insurance Company, through which we are self-insured for worker’s compensation and, effective May 1, 2000, automobile coverage. Our maximum exposure in fiscal 2006 under the worker’s compensation and automobile plan is $1.0 million and $0.8 million, respectively, per individual event, after which reinsurance takes effect.
Municipal solid waste collection contracts and landfill closure and post-closure obligations may require performance or surety bonds, letters of credit or other means of financial assurance to secure contractual performance. While we have not experienced difficulty in obtaining these financial instruments, if we were unable to obtain these financial instruments in sufficient amounts or at acceptable rates we could be precluded from entering into additional municipal solid waste collection contracts or obtaining or retaining landfill operating permits.
Customers
We provide our collection services to commercial, industrial and residential customers. A majority of our commercial and industrial collection services are performed under one-to-three-year service agreements, and fees are determined by such factors as collection frequency, type of equipment and containers furnished, the type, volume and weight of the solid waste collected, the distance to the disposal or processing facility and the cost of disposal or processing. Our residential collection and disposal services are performed either on a subscription basis (i.e., with no underlying contract) with individuals, or through contracts with municipalities, homeowners associations, apartment owners or mobile home park operators.
Maine Energy is contractually required to sell all of the electricity generated at its facilities to Central Maine Power, an electric utility, pursuant to a contract that expires in 2012, and guarantees 100% of its electricity generating capacity to CL Power Sales One, LLC, pursuant to a contract that expires in 2007.
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FCR provides recycling services to municipalities, commercial haulers and commercial waste generators within the geographic proximity of the processing facilities. We also acted as a broker of recyclable materials, principally to paper and box board manufacturers in the United States, Canada, the Pacific Rim, Europe, South America and Asia, until these businesses were sold as described above.
Our cellulose insulation joint venture, GreenFiber, sells to contractors, manufactured home builders and retailers.
Raw Materials
Maine Energy received approximately 22% of its solid waste in fiscal year 2006 from 19 Maine municipalities under long-term waste handling agreements. Maine Energy also receives raw materials from commercial and private waste haulers and municipalities with short-term contracts, as well as from our own collection operations.
In fiscal year 2006, FCR received approximately 51% of its material under long-term agreements with municipalities. These contracts generally provide that all recyclables collected from the municipal recycling programs shall be delivered to a facility that is owned or operated by us. The quantity of material delivered by these communities is dependent on the participation of individual households in the recycling program.
The primary raw material for our insulation joint venture is newspaper. In fiscal year 2006, GreenFiber received approximately 13% of the newspaper used by it from FCR. It purchased the remaining newspaper from municipalities, commercial haulers and paper brokers. The chemicals used to make the newspaper fire retardant are purchased from industrial chemical manufacturers located in the United States and South America.
Seasonality
Our transfer and disposal revenues have historically been lower during the months of November through March. This seasonality reflects the lower volume of waste during the late fall, winter and early spring months primarily because:
·              the volume of waste relating to construction and demolition activities decreases substantially during the winter months in the northeastern United States; and
·              decreased tourism in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and eastern New York during the winter months tends to lower the volume of waste generated by commercial and restaurant customers, which is partially offset by increased volume in the winter ski industry.
Because certain of our operating and fixed costs remain constant throughout the fiscal year, operating income is therefore impacted by a similar seasonality. In addition, particularly harsh weather conditions typically result in increased operating costs.
The recycling segment experiences increased volumes of newspaper in November and December due to increased newspaper advertising and retail activity during the holiday season. GreenFiber experiences lower sales from April through July due to lower retail activity.
Regulation
Introduction
We are subject to extensive and evolving federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations which have become increasingly stringent in recent years. The environmental regulations affecting us are administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and other federal, state and local environmental, zoning, health and safety agencies. Failure to comply with such requirements could result in substantial costs, including civil
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and criminal fines and penalties. Except as described in this Form 10-K, we believe that we are currently in substantial compliance with applicable federal, state and local environmental laws, permits, orders and regulations. We do not currently anticipate any material environmental costs to bring our operations into compliance, although there can be no assurance in this regard in the future. We expect that our operations in the solid waste services industry will be subject to continued and increased regulation, legislation and regulatory enforcement actions. We attempt to anticipate future legal and regulatory requirements and to carry out plans intended to keep our operations in compliance with those requirements.
In order to transport, process, incinerate, or dispose of solid waste, it is necessary for us to possess and comply with one or more permits from federal, state and/or local agencies. We must review these permits periodically, and the permits may be modified or revoked by the issuing agency.
The principal federal, state and local statutes and regulations applicable to our various operations are as follows:
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (“RCRA”)
RCRA regulates the generation, treatment, storage, handling, transportation and disposal of solid waste and requires states to develop programs to ensure the safe disposal of solid waste. RCRA divides solid waste into two groups, hazardous and non-hazardous. Wastes are generally classified as hazardous if they (1) either (a) are specifically included on a list of hazardous wastes, or (b) exhibit certain characteristics defined as hazardous, and (2) are not specifically designated as non-hazardous. Wastes classified as hazardous under RCRA are subject to more extensive regulation than wastes classified as non-hazardous, and businesses that deal with hazardous waste are subject to regulatory obligations in addition to those imposed on handlers of non-hazardous waste.
Among the wastes that are specifically designated as non-hazardous are household waste and “special” waste, including items such as petroleum contaminated soils, asbestos, foundry sand, shredder fluff and most non-hazardous industrial waste products.
The EPA regulations issued under Subtitle C of RCRA impose a comprehensive “cradle to grave” system for tracking the generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes. Subtitle C regulations impose obligations on generators, transporters and disposers of hazardous wastes, and require permits that are costly to obtain and maintain for sites where those businesses treat, store or dispose of such material. Subtitle C requirements include detailed operating, inspection, training and emergency preparedness and response standards, as well as requirements for manifesting, record keeping and reporting, corrective action, facility closure, post-closure and financial responsibility. Most states have promulgated regulations modeled on some or all of the Subtitle C provisions issued by the EPA, and in many instances the EPA has delegated to those states the principal role in regulating businesses which are subject to those requirements. Some state regulations impose different, additional obligations.
We currently do not accept for transportation or disposal hazardous substances (as defined in CERCLA, discussed below) in concentrations or volumes that would classify those materials as hazardous wastes. However, we have transported hazardous substances in the past and very likely will transport and dispose of hazardous substances in the future, to the extent that materials defined as hazardous substances under CERCLA are present in consumer goods and in the non-hazardous waste streams of our customers.
We do not accept hazardous wastes for incineration at our waste-to-energy facility. We typically test ash produced at our waste-to-energy facility on a regular basis; that ash generally does not contain hazardous substances in sufficient concentrations or volumes to result in the ash being classified as hazardous waste. However, it is possible that future waste streams accepted for incineration could contain elevated volumes or concentrations of hazardous substances or that legal requirements will change, and that the resulting incineration ash would be classified as hazardous waste.
Leachate generated at our landfills and transfer stations is tested on a regular basis, and generally is not regulated as a hazardous waste under federal or state law. In the past, however, leachate generated from certain of our landfills has been classified as hazardous waste under state law, and there is no guarantee that leachate generated from our facilities in the future will not be classified under federal or state law as hazardous waste.
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In October 1991, the EPA adopted the Subtitle D regulations under RCRA governing solid waste landfills. The Subtitle D regulations, which generally became effective in October 1993, include location restrictions, facility design standards, operating criteria, closure and post-closure requirements, financial assurance requirements, groundwater monitoring requirements, groundwater remediation standards and corrective action requirements. In addition, the Subtitle D regulations require that new landfill sites meet more stringent liner design criteria (typically, composite soil and synthetic liners or two or more synthetic liners) intended to keep leachate out of groundwater and have extensive collection systems to carry away leachate for treatment prior to disposal. Regulations generally require us to install groundwater monitoring wells at virtually all landfills we operate, to monitor groundwater quality and, indirectly, the effectiveness of the leachate collection systems. The Subtitle D regulations also require facility owners or operators to control emissions of landfill gas (including methane) generated at landfills exceeding certain regulatory thresholds. State landfill regulations must meet these requirements or the EPA will impose such requirements upon landfill owners and operators in that state. Each state also must adopt and implement a permit program or other appropriate system to ensure that landfills within the state comply with the Subtitle D regulatory criteria. Various states in which we operate or in which we may operate in the future have adopted regulations or programs as stringent as, or more stringent than, the Subtitle D regulations.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as amended (“Clean Water Act”)
The Clean Water Act regulates the discharge of pollutants into the “waters of the United States” from a variety of sources, including solid waste disposal sites and transfer stations, processing facilities and waste-to-energy facilities (collectively, “solid waste management facilities”). If run-off or collected leachate from our solid waste management facilities, or process or cooling waters generated at our waste-to-energy facility, is discharged into streams, rivers or other surface waters, the Clean Water Act would require us to apply for and obtain a discharge permit, conduct sampling and monitoring and, under certain circumstances, reduce the quantity of pollutants in such discharge. A permit also may be required if that run-off, leachate, or process or cooling water is discharged to a treatment facility that is owned by a local municipality. Numerous states have enacted regulations, which are equivalent to those issued under the Clean Water Act, but which also regulate the discharge of pollutants to groundwater. Finally, virtually all solid waste management facilities must comply with the EPA’s storm water regulations, which regulate the discharge of impacted storm water to surface waters.
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (“CERCLA”)
CERCLA established a regulatory and remedial program intended to provide for the investigation and remediation of facilities where or from which a release of any hazardous substance into the environment has occurred or is threatened. CERCLA has been interpreted to impose retroactive strict, and under certain circumstances, joint and several, liability for investigation and cleanup of facilities on current owners and operators of the site, former owners and operators of the site at the time of the disposal of the hazardous substances, as well as the generators of the hazardous substances and certain transporters of the hazardous substances. In addition, CERCLA imposes liability for the costs of evaluating and addressing damage to natural resources. The costs of CERCLA investigation and cleanup can be very substantial. Liability under CERCLA does not depend upon the existence or disposal of “hazardous waste” as defined by RCRA, but can be based on the existence of any of more than 700 “hazardous substances” listed by the EPA, many of which can be found in household waste. In addition, the definition of “hazardous substances” in CERCLA incorporates substances designated as hazardous or toxic under the Federal Clean Water Act, Clear Air Act and Toxic Substances Control Act. If we were found to be a responsible party for a CERCLA cleanup, the enforcing agency could hold us, under certain circumstances, or any other responsible party, responsible for all investigative and remedial costs, even if others also were liable. CERCLA also authorizes EPA to impose a lien in favor of the United States upon all real property subject to, or affected by, a remedial action for all costs for which a party is liable. CERCLA provides a responsible party with the right to bring a contribution action against other responsible parties for their allocable share of investigative and remedial costs. Our ability to get others to reimburse us for their allocable share of such costs would be limited by our ability to identify and locate other responsible parties and prove the extent of their responsibility and by the financial resources of such other parties.
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The Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended (“Clean Air Act”)
The Clean Air Act, generally through state implementation of federal requirements, regulates emissions of air pollutants from certain landfills based upon the date the landfill was constructed and the annual volume of emissions. The EPA has promulgated new source performance standards regulating air emissions of certain regulated pollutants (methane and non-methane organic compounds) from municipal solid waste landfills. Landfills located in areas where levels of regulated pollutants exceed certain thresholds may be subject to even more extensive air pollution controls and emission limitations. In addition, the EPA has issued standards regulating the disposal of asbestos-containing materials under the Clean Air Act.
The Clean Air Act regulates emissions of air pollutants from our waste-to-energy facility and certain of our processing facilities. The EPA has enacted standards that apply to those emissions. It is possible that the EPA, or a state where we operate, will enact additional or different emission standards in the future.
All of the federal statutes described above authorize lawsuits by private citizens to enforce certain provisions of the statutes. In addition to a penalty award to the United States, some of those statutes authorize an award of attorney’s fees to private parties successfully advancing such an action.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, as amended (“OSHA”)
OSHA establishes employer responsibilities and authorizes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to promulgate occupational health and safety standards, including the obligation to maintain a workplace free of recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious injury, to comply with adopted worker protection standards, to maintain certain records, to provide workers with required disclosures and to implement certain health and safety training programs. Various of those promulgated standards may apply to our operations, including those standards concerning notices of hazards, safety in excavation and demolition work, the handling of asbestos and asbestos-containing materials, and worker training and emergency response programs.
State and Local Regulations
Each state in which we now operate or may operate in the future has laws and regulations governing the generation, storage, treatment, handling, processing, transportation, incineration and disposal of solid waste, water and air pollution and, in most cases, the siting, design, operation, maintenance, closure and post-closure maintenance of solid waste management facilities. In addition, many states have adopted statutes comparable to, and in some cases more stringent than, CERCLA. These statutes impose requirements for investigation and remediation of contaminated sites and liability for costs and damages associated with such sites, and some authorize the state to impose liens to secure costs expended addressing contamination on property owned by responsible parties. Some of those liens may take priority over previously filed instruments. Furthermore, many municipalities also have ordinances, laws and regulations affecting our operations. These include zoning and health measures that limit solid waste management activities to specified sites or conduct, flow control provisions that direct the delivery of solid wastes to specific facilities or to facilities in specific areas, laws that grant the right to establish franchises for collection services and then put out for bid the right to provide collection services, and bans or other restrictions on the movement of solid wastes into a municipality.
Certain permits and approvals may limit the types of waste that may be accepted at a landfill or the quantity of waste that may be accepted at a landfill during a given time period. In addition, certain permits and approvals, as well as certain state and local regulations, may limit a landfill to accepting waste that originates from specified geographic areas or seek to restrict the importation of out-of-state waste or otherwise discriminate against out-of-state waste. Generally, restrictions on importing out-of-state waste have not withstood judicial challenge. However, from time to time federal legislation is proposed which would allow individual states to prohibit the disposal of out-of-state waste or to limit the amount of out-of-state waste that could be imported for disposal and would require states, under certain circumstances, to reduce the amounts of waste exported to other states. Although such legislation has not been passed by Congress, if this or similar legislation is enacted, states in which we operate landfills could limit or prohibit the
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importation of out-of-state waste. Such actions could materially and adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of any of our landfills within those states that receive a significant portion of waste originating from out-of-state.
Certain states and localities may, for economic or other reasons, restrict the export of waste from their jurisdiction, or require that a specified amount of waste be disposed of at facilities within their jurisdiction. In 1994, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected as unconstitutional, and therefore invalid, a local ordinance that sought to limit waste going out of the locality by imposing a requirement that the waste be delivered to a particular facility. However, it is uncertain how that precedent will be applied in different circumstances. For example, in 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court decided not to hear an appeal of a federal Appeals Court decision that held that the flow control ordinances directing waste to a publicly owned facility are not per se unconstitutional and should be analyzed under a standard that is less stringent than if waste had been directed to a private facility. The less stringent standard was applied to the facts of that case by the U.S. District Court, which ruled in March 2005 in favor of upholding the flow control regulations in Oneida and Herkimer Counties in New York. The ruling was again appealed to the federal Appeals Court, which upheld the ruling. A petition for certiorai was filed with the Supreme Court and remains pending. Additionally, certain state and local jurisdictions continue to seek to enforce such restrictions and, in certain cases, we may elect not to challenge such restrictions. Further, some proposed federal legislation would allow states and localities to impose flow restrictions. Those restrictions could reduce the volume of waste going to landfills or transfer stations in certain areas, which may materially adversely affect our ability to operate our facilities and/or affect the prices we can charge for certain services. Those restrictions also may result in higher disposal costs for our collection operations. In sum, flow control restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
There has been an increasing trend at the federal, state and local levels to mandate or encourage both waste reduction at the source and waste recycling, and to prohibit or restrict the disposal in landfills of certain types of solid wastes, such as yard wastes and leaves, beverage containers, newspapers, household appliances and batteries. Regulations reducing the volume and types of wastes available for transport to and disposal in landfills could affect our ability to operate our landfill facilities.
Our waste-to-energy facility has been certified by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission as a “qualifying small power production facility” under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, as amended (“PURPA”). PURPA exempts qualifying facilities from most federal and state laws governing electric utility rates and financial organization, and generally requires electric utilities to purchase electricity generated by qualifying facilities at a price equal to the utility’s full “avoided cost.”
Our waste-to-energy business is dependent upon our ability to sell the electricity generated by our facility to an electric utility or a third party such as an energy marketer. Maine Energy currently sells electricity to an electric utility under a long-term power purchase agreement. When that agreement expires, or if the electric utility were to default under the agreement, there is no guarantee that any new agreement would contain a purchase price as favorable as the one in the current agreement.
With regard to the odor control system at our waste-to-energy facility in Biddeford, Maine involving the redirection of our air emissions through scrubbers and scrubber vents, we applied to the City of Biddeford for approval of an increase in the height of our scrubber vents and a change in our odor control chemicals. The vent height increase needed approval by both the Planning Board and the Zoning Board of Appeals (“ZBA”). The City Council opposed our proposal and it was denied by the Biddeford Zoning Board of Appeals. We appealed the ZBA denial to York County Superior Court. By order of the Court dated June 2, 2005, the parties are scheduled to report to the Court by May 31, 2006 whether to seek a further continuance in light of ongoing settlement negotiations or to set a date for oral argument. On June 8, 2006, the Maine Superior Court approved a consent order by which the court vacated the Board of Appeals denial of the stack height increase, vacated all prior Planning Board decisions regarding the operation and maintenance of the Maine Energy odor control system, and authorized Maine Energy to increase the height of the three scrubber stacks from 120 feet above grade to 148 feet above grade without further review or approval by the City of Biddeford.
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Based on the results of the testing that we performed to evaluate the effectiveness of Maine Energy’s odor control system, the City of Biddeford alleged to DEP in October 2002 that emissions of volatile organic compounds (“VOCs”) from the odor control system exceeded DEP air license limits. In cooperation with DEP, Maine Energy agreed to voluntarily perform several rounds of testing to quantify and speciate emissions of VOCs from the scrubber stacks, using appropriate analytical methods. As a result, we may be subject to enforcement action by DEP and we may incur additional material costs to comply with applicable control technology requirements. On December 3, 2003, the City of Biddeford sued Maine Energy in federal court under federal and state law alleging that we are emitting VOCs without appropriate permits or appropriate control technology and that we constitute a public nuisance. The complaint sought an unspecified amount of civil penalties, damages, injunctive relief and attorney’s fees. On June 2, 2004, the complaint was dismissed without prejudice while settlement negotiations take place. On or about May 25, 2004 Maine Energy received a revised 60-day Notice of Intent to Sue under the Clean Air Act from the Cities of Biddeford and Saco. The Cities’ Notice states that they intend to refile suit under the Clean Air Act, based on the alleged violations identified by their Notice, in the event that the ongoing settlement negotiations do not resolve the claims.
In April 2003, we obtained a permit from the MADEP to increase the operating capacity of our solid waste transfer station located in Holliston, Massachusetts. We are seeking the necessary local approvals required under that permit. Some local residents have alleged that the transfer station is not being operated in conformance with state and local wetlands laws and certain local approvals, first issued in the 1970s. We have taken steps to identify, respond to and address those allegations, as appropriate. We are also evaluating its indemnification rights against the former owner/operator of the transfer station under the agreement by which we acquired the transfer station. We offer no prediction as to the likely outcome of these matters, and there can be no assurance that these matters would not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.
On March 2, 2005, our subsidiary Casella Waste Management of Pennsylvania, Inc. (“CWMPA”) was issued an Administrative Order by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (“DEP”) revoking CWMPA’s transfer station permit for its 75-ton-per-day transfer station located in Wellsboro, Pennsylvania and ordering that the site be closed. The DEP based its decision on certain alleged violations related to recordkeeping and site management over a five year period. On March 10, 2005, CWMPA appealed the Order to the State’s Environmental Hearing Board (“EHB”). The Pennsylvania Attorney General’s Office also conducted a criminal investigation of the allegations. On March 17, 2005, CWMPA and the DEP mutually agreed to a Supersedeas Order approved by the EHB which superseded the March 2, 2005 DEP Order, stating that CWMPA agreed to (i) voluntarily cease operations at the transfer station until May 16, 2005; (ii) relocate its hauling company before May 16, 2005; and (iii) develop a Management and Operation Plan for the transfer station by May 16, 2005. On May 17, 2005, the EHB judge extended the Supersedeas Order until June 10, 2005 and authorized the transfer station to resume operations upon completion of the relocation of the hauling company and receipt of a permit modification related to the weighing of bag waste from individual customers. CWMPA satisfied the conditions and recommenced operations at the transfer station on May 20, 2005. On June 9, 2005, CWMPA and the DEP filed a stipulation with the EHB withdrawing and voiding the March 2, 2005 Order revoking the permit, while reserving the DEP’s right to seek civil penalties and our right to defend against any such penalties. On March 9, 2006, we reached an agreement with the Attorney General’s Office that resolved its investigation with a misdemeanor fine in the amount of $35,000 plus a $15,000 contribution to a non-profit environmental organization. We have reached a settlement in principal with the DEP whereby we expect to pay a civil penalty in the amount of $400,000. We plan to finalize the settlement in June 2006.
On March 10, 2005, the Zoning Enforcement Officer (“ZEO”) for the Town of Hardwick, Massachusetts rendered an opinion that a portion of the current Phase II footprint of our Hardwick Landfill is on land on Lot 1 that is not properly zoned. On April 7, 2005, we appealed the opinion to the Hardwick Zoning Board of Appeals (“ZBA”). On July 13, 2005, the ZBA denied our appeal. On August 1, 2005, we appealed the ZBA’s decision to the Massachusetts Land Court. We proposed a plan to implement an interim closure of the affected Lot 1 which included relocation of waste from an unlined area on Lot 2 (a lot unaffected by the decision) to the affected Lot 1. The ZEO issued a letter prohibiting us from relocating waste onto Lot 1. We appealed the ZEO decision to the ZBA and the ZBA denied the appeal on November 29,
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2005. We appealed the ZBA decision to the Land Court and had it consolidated with the other appeal filed with the Land Court. On January 18, 2006, the Massachusetts Attorney General approved new general bylaw articles of the town which, among other things, prohibit the use of construction and demolition debris as grading, shaping or closure materials. Such articles may have an adverse impact on our ability to relocate some or all of the waste onto the affected lot.We and the Town executed a Host Community Agreement on June 7, 2005, which provides the Town with certain immediate benefits and will provide certain deferred benefits upon receipt of approvals for the rezoning of the existing landfill area and an expansion area, which we expect to apply for in the future.  On November 16, 2005, the adjacent town of Ware adopted regulations restricting truck traffic in a manner that affects certain routes into the landfill. On December 20, 2005, we filed an action challenging the regulations and seeking a preliminary injunction. On December 30, 2005, the Court denied the preliminary injunction. We are continuing to pursue its challenge to the Ware regulations and the case has entered the discovery phase. On May 22, 2006, the ZEO for the Town of Hardwick, Massachusetts rendered an opinion that the current Phase II footprint of our Hardwick Landfill is on land on Lot 2 that is not properly zoned. The May 22, 2006 order contradicts two prior rulings by the ZEO, which stated that Lot 2 is grandfathered and exempt from zoning. On May 26, 2006, the ZEO stayed his May 22, 2006 order pending our appeal and resolution of any such appeal by the Zoning Board of Appeals.
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Executive Officers and Other Key Employees of the Company
Our executive officers and other key employees and their respective ages as of May 31, 2006 are as follows:
Name	 	Age	 	Position	
Executive Officers	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
John W. Casella	 	55	 	Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary	
James W. Bohlig	 	59	 	President, Chief Operating Officer and Director	
Richard A. Norris	 	62	 	Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer	
Charles E. Leonard	 	51	 	Senior Vice President, Solid Waste Operations	
 	 	 	 	 	
Other Key Employees	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
Donald A. Wallgren	 	64	 	Senior Vice President of Permitting, Compliance, Engineering & Construction	
 	 	 	 	 	
Timothy A. Cretney	 	42	 	Regional Vice President	
Christopher M. DesRoches	 	48	 	Vice President, Selection and Training	
Sean P. Duffy	 	46	 	Regional Vice President	
Joseph S. Fusco	 	42	 	Vice President, Communications	
William Hanley	 	52	 	Vice President, Sales and Marketing	
Larry B. Lackey	 	45	 	Vice President, Vice President, Permitting, Compliance and Engineering	
Brian G. Oliver	 	44	 	Regional Vice President	
Alan N. Sabino	 	46	 	Regional Vice President	
David L. Schmitt	 	55	 	Vice President, General Counsel	
Gary R. Simmons	 	56	 	Vice President, Fleet Management	
Michael J. Wall	 	46	 	Regional Vice President	
 
John W. Casella has served as Chairman of our Board of Directors since July 2001 and as our Chief Executive Officer since 1993. Mr. Casella served as President from 1993 to July 2001 and as Chairman of the Board of Directors from 1993 to December 1999. In addition, Mr. Casella has been Chairman of the Board of Directors of Casella Waste Management, Inc. since 1977. Mr. Casella is also an executive officer and director of Casella Construction, Inc., a company owned by Mr. Casella and Douglas R. Casella. Mr. Casella has been a member of numerous industry-related and community service-related state and local boards and commissions including the Board of Directors of the Associated Industries of Vermont, The Association of Vermont Recyclers, Vermont State Chamber of Commerce and the Rutland Industrial Development Corporation. Mr. Casella has also served on various state task forces, serving in an advisory capacity to the Governors of Vermont and New Hampshire on solid waste issues. Mr. Casella holds an Associate of Science in Business Management from Bryant & Stratton University and a Bachelor of Science in Business Education from Castleton State College. Mr. Casella is the brother of Douglas R. Casella, a member of our Board of Directors.
James W. Bohlig has served as our President since July 2001 and as Chief Operating Officer since 1993. Mr. Bohlig also served as Senior Vice President from 1993 to July 2001. Mr. Bohlig has served as a member of our Board of Directors since 1993. From 1989 until he joined us, Mr. Bohlig was Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Russell Corporation, a general contractor and developer based in Rutland, Vermont. Mr. Bohlig is a licensed professional engineer. Mr. Bohlig holds a Bachelor of Science in Engineering and Chemistry from the U.S. Naval Academy, and is a graduate of the Columbia University Executive Program in Business Administration.
Richard A. Norris has served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since July 2001. He joined us in July 2000 as Vice President and Corporate Controller. From 1997 to July 2000, Mr. Norris served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for NexCycle, Inc., a processor of secondary materials. From 1986 to 1997, he served as Vice President of Finance, US Operations for Laidlaw Waste Systems, Inc. Mr. Norris is qualified as a Chartered Accountant in both Canada and the United Kingdom. Mr. Norris graduated from Leeds University with a Bachelor of Arts in German.
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Charles E. Leonard has served as our Senior Vice President, Solid Waste Operations since July 2001. From December 1999 until he joined us, he acted as a consultant to several corporations, including Allied Waste Industries, Inc. From November 1997 to December 1999, he was Regional Vice President for Service Corporation International, a provider of death-care services. From September 1988 to January 1997, he served as Senior Vice President, US Operations for Laidlaw Waste Systems, Inc. From June 1978 to July 1988, Mr. Leonard was employed by Browning-Ferris Industries in various management positions. Mr. Leonard is a graduate of Memphis State University with a Bachelor of Arts in Marketing.
Donald A. Wallgren has served as our Senior Vice President of Permitting, Compliance, Engineering & Construction since May 2006. From 1997 until he joined us, he served as an environmental consultant for both international government projects and a variety of environmental projects in the U.S. He worked for Waste Management, Inc. from 1979 to 1997 including serving as the Vice President and Chief Environmental Officer of the Company. He worked for the U.S. Dept. of Interior and U.S. EPA from 1969 to 1979. Mr. Wallgren is a licensed professional engineer, and has an MBA from Northern Illinois University and a Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Environmental Specialty) from the University of Minnesota.
Timothy A. Cretney has served as our Western Regional Vice President since May 2002. From January 1997 to May 2002 he served as Regional Controller for our Western region. From August 1995 to January 1997, Mr. Cretney was Treasurer and Vice President of Superior Disposal Services, Inc., a waste services company which we acquired in January 1997. From 1992 to 1995, he was General Manager of the Binghamton, New York office of Laidlaw Waste Systems, Inc. and from 1989 to 1992 he was Central New York Controller of Laidlaw Waste Systems. Mr. Cretney holds a B.A. in Accounting from State University of New York College at Brockport.
Christopher M. DesRoches has served as our Vice President, Selection and Training since June 1, 2005. From November 1996 to June 2005, Mr. DesRoches served as our Vice President, Sales and Marketing. From January 1989 to November 1996, he was a regional vice president of sales for Waste Management, Inc. Mr. DesRoches is a graduate of Arizona State University.
Sean P. Duffy has served as our FCR Regional Vice President since December 1999. Since December 1999, Mr. Duffy has also served as Vice President of FCR, Inc., which he co-founded in 1983 and which became a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours in December 1999. From May 1983 to December 1999, Mr. Duffy served in various capacities at FCR, including, most recently, as President. From May 1998 to May 2001, Mr. Duffy also served as President of FCR Plastics, Inc., a subsidiary of FCR, Inc.
Joseph S. Fusco has served as our Vice President, Communications since January 1995. From January 1991 through January 1995, Mr. Fusco was self-employed as a corporate and political communications consultant. Mr. Fusco is a graduate of the State University of New York at Albany.
William Hanley has served as our Vice-President, Sales and Marketing since June 1, 2005. From 2001 until 2005, Mr. Hanley served as Vice-President, General Sales Manager of Waste Industries, USA. From 1994-2001, he held various sales management positions for Waste Management, Inc and predecessor companies. Mr. Hanley is a graduate of Clarion State University with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration.
Larry B. Lackey has served as our Vice President, Permitting, Compliance and Engineering since 1995. From 1993 to 1995, Mr. Lackey served as our Manager of Permits, Compliance and Engineering. From 1984 to 1993, Mr. Lackey was an Associate Engineer for Dufresne-Henry, Inc., an engineering consulting firm. Mr. Lackey is a graduate of Vermont Technical College.
Brian G. Oliver has served as our North Eastern Regional Vice President since June 2004. From April 1998 to June 2004 he served as our Eastern Regional Controller. From June 1996 to April 1998, Mr. Oliver served as Division Controller of two Vermont operations. Mr. Oliver holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Bryant College and also holds a Masters degree from St. Michael’s College.
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Alan N. Sabino has served as our Central Regional Vice President since July 1996. From 1995 to July 1996, Mr. Sabino served as a Division President for Waste Management, Inc. From 1985 to 1994, he served as Region Operations Manager for Chambers Development Company, Inc., a waste management company. Mr. Sabino is a graduate of Pennsylvania State University.
David L. Schmitt has served as our Vice President and General Counsel since May, 2006. Prior to that, Mr. Schmitt was President of his privately held consulting firm, and further served from 2002 until 2005 as  Vice President and General Counsel of BioEnergy International, LLC, a project development firm specializing in the production of ethanol and CO2, as well as the recovery of methane from solid waste landfills. He further served from 1995 until 2001, as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Bradlees, Inc., a large box retailer in the northeast United States, and from 1986 through 1990, as Vice President and General Counsel of Wheelabrator Technologies Inc., a multi-faceted corporation specializing in the development, ownership and operation of large scale refuse-to-energy waste disposal and power facilities, as well as other alternate fuel facilities. He is admitted to the Bar of Pennsylvania, and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from The Pennsylvania State University, and his Juris Doctor from Duquesne University School of Law.
Gary R. Simmons has served as our Vice President, Fleet Management since May 1997. From December 1996 to May 1997, Mr. Simmons was the owner of GRS Consulting, a waste industry consulting firm. From 1995 to December 1996, Mr. Simmons served as National and Regional Fleet Service Manager for USA Waste Services, Inc., a waste management company. From 1977 to 1995, Mr. Simmons served in various fleet maintenance and management positions for Chambers Development Company, Inc.
Michael J. Wall has served as our South Eastern Regional Vice President since June 2004. From 2002-2004, Mr. Wall served as Director of Operations for Waste Management, Inc. in Massachusetts. From 1998-2002, Mr. Wall served as a Division Manager for Waste Management, Inc. overseeing operations in Central New York and Eastern Massachusetts. From 1993-1998, Mr. Wall held the position of Group Sales Manager for USA Waste Services, Inc. From 1983-1993, Mr. Wall held various sales management positions throughout the Northeast for Browning Ferris Industries. Mr. Wall is a graduate of New England College of New Hampshire.
Available Information
Our internet website is http://www.casella.com. We make available, through our website free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We make these reports available through our website at the same time that they become available on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following important factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and presented elsewhere by management from time to time.
The Company’s increased leverage may restrict its future operations and impact its ability to make future acquisitions.
The Company has substantial indebtedness. The payment of interest and principal due under this indebtedness has reduced, and may continue to reduce, funds available for other business purposes, including capital expenditures and acquisitions. In addition, the aggregate amount of indebtedness has limited and may continue to limit the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, and thereby may limit its acquisition program.
The Company’s leverage may further increase as the Company will be required to redeem its outstanding Series A redeemable preferred stock on August 11, 2007, if it is not otherwise repurchased by the Company prior to that time. The aggregate redemption price is expected to be approximately $75.1 million. The Company would need to incur more debt or raise equity to effect this redemption.
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The Company may not be successful in making acquisitions of solid waste assets, including developing additional disposal capacity, or in integrating acquired businesses or assets, which could limit the Company’s future growth.
The Company’s strategy envisions that a substantial part of the Company’s future growth will come from making acquisitions of traditional solid waste assets or operations and acquiring or developing additional disposal capacity. These acquisitions may include “tuck-in” acquisitions within the Company’s existing markets, assets that are adjacent to or outside the Company’s existing markets, or larger, more strategic acquisitions. In addition, from time to time the Company may acquire businesses that are complementary to the Company’s core business strategy. The Company may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates. If the Company identifies suitable acquisition candidates, the Company may be unable to negotiate successfully their acquisition at a price or on terms and conditions favorable to the Company. Furthermore, the Company may be unable to obtain the necessary regulatory approval to complete potential acquisitions.
The Company’s ability to achieve the benefits it anticipates from acquisitions, including cost savings and operating efficiencies, depends in part on the Company’s ability to successfully integrate the operations of such acquired businesses with the Company’s operations. The integration of acquired businesses and other assets may require significant management time and company resources that would otherwise be available for the ongoing management of the Company’s existing operations.
In addition, the process of acquiring, developing and permitting additional disposal capacity is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. For example, the Company is currently involved in litigation with the Town of Bethlehem, New Hampshire relating to the expansion of a landfill owned by the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, North Country Environmental Services, Inc. Moreover, the disposal capacity at the Company’s existing landfills is limited by the remaining available volume at the Company’s landfills and annual, quarterly and/or daily disposal limits imposed by the various governmental authorities with jurisdiction over the Company’s landfills. The Company typically reaches or approximates the Company’s daily, quarterly and annual maximum permitted disposal capacity at the majority of the Company’s landfills. If the Company is unable to develop or acquire additional disposal capacity, the Company’s ability to achieve economies from the internalization of the Company’s waste stream will be limited and the Company may be required to increase the Company’s utilization of disposal facilities owned by third parties, which could reduce the Company’s revenues and/or the Company’s operating margins.
The Company’s ability to make acquisitions is dependent on the availability of adequate cash and the attractiveness of the Company’s stock price.
The Company anticipates that any future business acquisitions will be financed through cash from operations, borrowings under the Company’s senior secured credit facility, additional tax-exempt financing, the issuance of shares of the Company’s Class A common stock or subordinated notes and/or seller financing. The Company may not have sufficient existing capital resources and may be unable to raise sufficient additional capital resources on terms satisfactory to the Company, if at all, in order to meet the Company’s capital requirements for such acquisitions.
The Company also believes that a significant factor in the Company’s ability to close acquisitions will be the attractiveness to the Company and to persons selling businesses to the Company of the Company’s Class A common stock as consideration for potential acquisition candidates. This attractiveness may, in large part, be dependent upon the relative market price and capital appreciation prospects of the Company’s Class A common stock compared to the equity securities of the Company’s competitors. The trading price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the NASDAQ National Market has limited the Company’s willingness to use the Company’s equity as consideration and the willingness of sellers to accept the Company’s shares and as a result has limited, and could continue to limit, the size and scope of the Company’s acquisition program.
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Environmental regulations and litigation could subject the Company to fines, penalties, judgments and limitations on the Company’s ability to expand.
The Company is subject to potential liability and restrictions under environmental laws, including those relating to transport, recycling, treatment, storage and disposal of wastes, discharges to air and water, and the remediation of contaminated soil, surface water and groundwater. The waste management industry has been and will continue to be subject to regulation, including permitting and related financial assurance requirements, as well as to attempts to further regulate the industry through new legislation. The Company’s waste-to-energy facility is subject to regulations limiting discharges of pollution into the air and water, and the Company’s solid waste operations are subject to a wide range of federal, state and, in some cases, local environmental, odor and noise and land use restrictions. For example, the Company’s waste-to-energy facility in Biddeford, Maine is affected by zoning restrictions and air emissions limitations in its efforts to implement a new odor control system. If the Company is not able to comply with the requirements that apply to a particular facility or if the Company operates without necessary approvals, the Company could be subject to civil, and possibly criminal, fines and penalties, and the Company may be required to spend substantial capital to bring an operation into compliance or to temporarily or permanently discontinue activities, and/or take corrective actions, possibly including removal of landfilled materials, regarding an operation that is not permitted under the law. The Company may not have sufficient insurance coverage for the Company’s environmental liabilities. Those costs or actions could be significant to the Company and impact the Company’s results of operations, as well as the Company’s available capital.
Environmental and land use laws also impact the Company’s ability to expand and, in the case of the Company’s solid waste operations, may dictate those geographic areas from which the Company must, or, from which the Company may not, accept waste. Those laws and regulations may limit the overall size and daily waste volume that may be accepted by a solid waste operation. If the Company is not able to expand or otherwise operate one or more of the Company’s facilities because of limits imposed under environmental laws, the Company may be required to increase the Company’s utilization of disposal facilities owned by third parties, which could reduce the Company’s revenues and/or operating margins.
The Company has historically grown and intends to continue to grow through acquisitions, and the Company has tried and will continue to try to evaluate and limit environmental risks and liabilities presented by businesses to be acquired prior to the acquisition. It is possible that some liabilities, including ones that may exist only because of the past operations of an acquired business, may prove to be more difficult or costly to address than the Company anticipates. It is also possible that government officials responsible for enforcing environmental laws may believe an issue is more serious than the Company expects, or that the Company will fail to identify or fully appreciate an existing liability before the Company becomes legally responsible to address it. Some of the legal sanctions to which the Company could become subject could cause the Company to lose a needed permit, or prevent the Company from or delay the Company in obtaining or renewing permits to operate the Company’s facilities or harm the Company’s reputation.
The Company’s operating program depends on the Company’s ability to operate and expand the landfills and transfer stations the Company owns and leases and to develop new landfill and transfer sites. Localities where the Company operates generally seek to regulate some or all landfill and transfer station operations, including siting and expansion of operations. The laws adopted by municipalities in which the Company’s landfills and transfer stations are located may limit or prohibit the expansion of the landfill or transfer station as well as the amount of waste that the Company can accept at the landfill or transfer station on a daily, quarterly or annual basis and any effort to acquire or expand landfills and transfer stations typically involves a significant amount of time and expense. For example, expansion at the Company’s North Country Environmental Services landfill, outside the original 51 acres, will be prohibited as a result of a recent decision by the New Hampshire Supreme Court unless the Company prevails in certain remanded issues under zoning laws or the Town revises its local ordinance prohibiting expansions. The Company may not be successful in obtaining new landfill or transfer station sites or expanding the permitted capacity of any of the Company’s current landfills and transfer stations. If the Company is unable to develop additional disposal capacity, the Company’s ability to achieve economies from the internalization of the Company’s wastestream will be limited and the Company will be required to utilize the disposal facilities of the Company’s competitors.
In addition to the costs of complying with environmental laws and regulations, the Company incurs costs defending against environmental litigation brought by governmental agencies and private parties. The Company is, and also may be in the future, a defendant in lawsuits brought by parties alleging environmental damage, personal injury, and/or property damage.
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The Company’s operations would be adversely affected if the Company does not have access to sufficient capital.
The Company’s ability to remain competitive and sustain its operations depends in part on cash flow from operations and the Company’s access to capital. The Company currently funds its cash needs primarily through cash from operations and borrowings under the Company’s senior secured credit facility. However, the Company may require additional equity and/or debt financing for debt repayment and equity redemption obligations and to fund the Company’s growth and operations. In addition, if the Company undertakes more acquisitions or further expands the Company’s operations, the Company’s capital requirements may increase. The Company may not have access to the amount of capital that the Company requires from time to time, on favorable terms or at all.
The Company’s results of operations could continue to be affected by changing prices or market requirements for recyclable materials.
The Company’s results of operations have been and may continue to be affected by changing purchase or resale prices or market requirements for recyclable materials. The Company’s recycling business involves the purchase and sale of recyclable materials, some of which are priced on a commodity basis. The resale and purchase prices of, and market demand for, recyclable materials, particularly waste paper, plastic and ferrous and aluminum metals, can be volatile due to numerous factors beyond the Company’s control. Although the Company seeks to limit the Company’s exposure to fluctuating commodity prices through the use of hedging agreements and long-term supply contracts with customers, these fluctuations have in the past contributed, and may continue to contribute, to significant variability in the Company’s period-to-period results of operations.
The Company’s business is geographically concentrated and is therefore subject to regional economic downturns.
The Company’s operations and customers are principally located in the eastern United States. Therefore, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations are susceptible to regional economic downturns and other regional factors, including state regulations and budget constraints and severe weather conditions. In addition, as the Company expands in the Company’s existing markets, opportunities for growth within these regions will become more limited and the geographic concentration of the Company’s business will increase.
Maine Energy may be required to make a payment in connection with the payoff of certain obligations and limited partner loans earlier than the Company had anticipated and which may exceed the amount of the liability the Company recorded in connection with the KTI acquisition.
Under the terms of waste handling agreements among the Biddeford-Saco Waste Handling Committee, the cities of Biddeford and Saco, Maine, and the Company’s subsidiary Maine Energy, Maine Energy will be required, following the date on which the bonds that financed Maine Energy and certain limited partner loans to Maine Energy are paid in full, to pay a residual cancellation payment to the respective municipalities party to those agreements equal to a certain percentage of the fair market value of the equity of the partners in Maine Energy. In connection with the Company’s merger with KTI, the Company estimated the fair market value of Maine Energy as of the date the limited partner loans are anticipated to be paid in full, and recorded a liability equal to the applicable percentage of such amount. The obligation has been estimated by management at $5.3 million. Management believes the possibility of material loss in excess of this amount is remote. The Company’s estimate of the fair market value of Maine Energy may not prove to be accurate, and in the event the Company has underestimated the value of Maine Energy, the Company could be required to recognize unanticipated charges, in which case the Company’s operating results could be harmed.
In connection with these waste handling agreements, the cities of Biddeford and Saco have lawsuits pending in the State of Maine seeking the residual cancellation payments and alleging, among other things, the Company’s breach of the waste handling agreement for the Company’s failure to pay the residual cancellation payments in connection with
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the KTI merger, failure to pay off limited partner loans in accordance with the terms of the agreement and processing amounts of waste above contractual limits without issuance of proper notice. The complaint seeks damages for breach of contract and a court order requiring the Company to provide an accounting of all relevant transactions since May 3, 1996. The Company is currently engaged in settlement negotiations with the cities of Biddeford and Saco, however, at this stage it is impossible to predict whether a settlement will be reached. If the plaintiffs are successful in their claims against the Company and damages are awarded, the Company’s operating income in the period in which such a claim is paid would be impacted.
The Company may not be able to effectively compete in the highly competitive solid waste services industry.
The solid waste services industry is highly competitive, has undergone a period of rapid consolidation and requires substantial labor and capital resources. Some of the markets in which the Company competes or will likely compete are served by one or more of the large national or multinational solid waste companies, as well as numerous regional and local solid waste companies. Intense competition exists not only to provide services to customers, but also to acquire other businesses within each market. Some of the Company’s competitors have significantly greater financial and other resources than the Company. From time to time, competitors may reduce the price of their services in an effort to expand market share or to win a competitively bid contract. These practices may either require the Company to reduce the pricing of the Company’s services or result in the Company’s loss of business.
As is generally the case in the industry, some municipal contracts are subject to periodic competitive bidding. The Company may not be the successful bidder to obtain or retain these contracts. If the Company is unable to compete with larger and better capitalized companies, or to replace municipal contracts lost through the competitive bidding process with comparable contracts or other revenue sources within a reasonable time period the Company’s revenues would decrease and the Company’s operating results would be harmed.
In the Company’s solid waste disposal markets the Company also competes with operators of alternative disposal and recycling facilities and with counties, municipalities and solid waste districts that maintain their own waste collection, recycling and disposal operations. These entities may have financial advantages because user fees or similar charges, tax revenues and tax-exempt financing may be more available to them than to the Company.
The Company’s GreenFiber insulation manufacturing joint venture with Louisiana-Pacific Corporation competes with other parties, principally national manufacturers of fiberglass insulation, which have substantially greater resources than GreenFiber does, which they could use for product development, marketing or other purposes to the Company’s detriment.
The Company’s results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected if the Company inadequately accrues for capping, closure and post-closure costs.
The Company has material financial obligations relating to capping, closure and post-closure costs of the Company’s existing owned or operated landfills and will have material financial obligations with respect to any disposal facilities which the Company may own or operate in the future. Once the permitted capacity of a particular landfill is reached and additional capacity is not authorized, the landfill must be closed and capped, and post-closure maintenance started. The Company establishes accruals for the estimated costs associated with such capping, closure and post-closure obligations over the anticipated useful life of each landfill on a per ton basis. In addition to the landfills the Company currently operates, the Company owns six unlined landfills and one lined landfill, which are not currently in operation. The Company has provided and will in the future provide accruals for financial obligations relating to capping, closure and post-closure costs of the Company’s owned or operated landfills, generally for a term of 30 years after final closure of a landfill. The Company’s financial obligations for capping, closure or post-closure costs could exceed the amount accrued and reserved or amounts otherwise receivable pursuant to trust funds established for this purpose. Such a circumstance could result in significant unanticipated charges.
Fluctuations in fuel costs could affect the Company’s operating expenses and results.
The price and supply of fuel is unpredictable and fluctuates based on events beyond the Company’s control, including
27

among others, geopolitical developments, supply and demand for oil and gas, actions by OPEC and other oil and gas producers, war and unrest in oil producing countries and regional production patterns. Because fuel is needed to run the Company’s fleet of trucks, price escalations for fuel increase the Company’s operating expenses. In fiscal year 2006, the Company used approximately 8.4 million gallons of diesel fuel in the Company’s solid waste operations. Effective May 1, 2003, the Company implemented a fuel surcharge program, based on a fuel index, to recover fuel cost increases arising from price volatility. This program was revised effective May 1, 2005 to cover oil and lubricants as well as fuel. The surcharge has been passed on to all customers where their contracts permit.
The Company could be precluded from entering into contracts or obtaining permits if the Company is unable to obtain third party financial assurance to secure the Company’s contractual obligations.
Public solid waste collection, recycling and disposal contracts, obligations associated with landfill closure and the operation and closure of the Company’s waste-to-energy facility may require performance or surety bonds, letters of credit or other means of financial assurance to secure the Company’s contractual performance. If the Company is unable to obtain the necessary financial assurance in sufficient amounts or at acceptable rates, the Company could be precluded from entering into additional municipal solid waste collection contracts or from obtaining or retaining landfill management contracts or operating permits. Any future difficulty in obtaining insurance could also impair the Company’s ability to secure future contracts conditioned upon the contractor having adequate insurance coverage.
The Company may be required to write-off capitalized charges or intangible assets in the future, which could harm the Company’s earnings.
Any write-off of capitalized costs or intangible assets reduces the Company’s earnings and, consequently, could affect the market price of the Company’s Class A common stock. In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, the Company capitalizes certain expenditures and advances relating to the Company’s acquisitions, pending acquisitions, landfills and development projects. From time to time in future periods, the Company may be required to incur a charge against earnings in an amount equal to any unamortized capitalized expenditures and advances, net of any portion thereof that the Company estimates will be recoverable, through sale or otherwise, relating to (1) any operation that is permanently shut down or has not generated or is not expected to generate sufficient cash flow, (2) any pending acquisition that is not consummated, (3) any landfill or development project that is not expected to be successfully completed, and (4) any goodwill or other intangible assets that are determined to be impaired. The Company has incurred such charges in the past.
The Company’s revenues and the Company’s operating income experience seasonal fluctuations.
The Company’s transfer and disposal revenues have historically been lower during the months of November through March. This seasonality reflects the lower volume of waste during the late fall, winter and early spring months primarily because:
· the volume of waste relating to construction and demolition activities decreases substantially during the winter months in the north eastern United States; and
· decreased tourism in Vermont, Maine and eastern New York during the winter months tends to lower the volume of waste generated by commercial and restaurant customers, which is partially offset by increased volume from the winter ski industry.
Since certain of our operating and fixed costs remain constant throughout the fiscal year, operating income is therefore impacted by a similar seasonality. In addition, particularly harsh weather conditions typically result in increased operating costs.
The Company’s recycling business experiences increased volumes of newspaper in November and December due to increased newspaper advertising and retail activity during the holiday season. GreenFiber experiences lower sales from April through July due to lower retail activity.
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Efforts by labor unions to organize the Company’s employees could divert management attention and increase the Company’s operating expenses.
Labor unions regularly make attempts to organize the Company’s employees, and these efforts will likely continue in the future. Certain groups of the Company’s employees have chosen to be represented by unions, and the Company has negotiated collective bargaining agreements with these groups. The negotiation of collective bargaining agreements could divert management attention and result in increased operating expenses and lower net income. If the Company is unable to negotiate acceptable collective bargaining agreements, the Company might have to wait through ‘‘cooling off’’ periods, which are often followed by union-initiated work stoppages, including strikes. Depending on the type and duration of any labor disruptions, the Company’s revenues could decrease and the Company’s operating expenses could increase, which could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. As of May 31, 2006, approximately 4.6% of the Company’s employees involved in collection, transfer, disposal, recycling, waste-to-energy or other operations were represented by unions.
The Company’s Class B common stock has ten votes per share and is held exclusively by John W. Casella and Douglas R. Casella.
The holders of the Company’s Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share and the holders of the Company’s Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share. At May 31, 2006, an aggregate of 988,200 shares of the Company’s Class B common stock, representing 9,882,000 votes, were outstanding, all of which were beneficially owned by John W. Casella, the Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, or by his brother, Douglas R. Casella, a member of the Company’s Board of Directors. Based on the number of shares of common stock and Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock outstanding on May 31, 2006, the shares of the Company’s Class A common stock and Class B common stock beneficially owned by John W. Casella and Douglas R. Casella represent approximately 28.7% of the aggregate voting power of the Company’s stockholders. Consequently, John W. Casella and Douglas R. Casella are able to substantially influence all matters for stockholder consideration.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
At May 31, 2006, we owned and/or operated nine subtitle D landfills, two landfills permitted to accept construction and demolition materials, 33 transfer stations, 23 of which are owned, five of which are leased and five of which are under operating contract, 39 solid waste collection facilities, 26 of which are owned and 13 of which are leased, 39 recyclable processing facilities, 16 of which are owned, 16 of which are leased and seven of which are under operating contracts, one waste-to-energy facility, and we utilized ten corporate office and other administrative facilities, three of which are owned and seven of which are leased (See Item 1 - Business section of this Form 10-K for property information by operating segment).
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The New Hampshire Superior Court in Grafton County, NH ruled on February 1, 1999 that the Town of Bethlehem, NH could not enforce an ordinance purportedly prohibiting expansion of the Company’s landfill owned by its subsidiary North Country Environmental Services, Inc. (“NCES”), at least with respect to 51 acres of NCES’s 105 acre parcel, based upon certain existing land-use approvals. As a result, NCES was able to construct and operate “Stage II, Phase II” of the landfill. In May 2001, the Supreme Court denied the Town’s appeal. Notwithstanding the Supreme Court’s 2001 ruling, the Town continued to assert jurisdiction to conduct unqualified site plan review with respect to Stage III (which is within the 51 acres) and further stated that the Town’s height ordinance and building permit process may apply to Stage III. On September 12, 2001, the Company filed a petition for, among other things, declaratory relief. On December 4, 2001, the Town filed an answer to the Company’s petition asserting counterclaims seeking, among other things, authorization to assert site plan review over Stage III, which commenced operation in December 2000, as well as the methane gas utilization/leachate handling facility operating in connection with Stage III, and also an order declaring that an ordinance prohibiting landfills applies to Stage IV expansion. The trial on these claims was held in December 2002 and on April 24, 2003, the Grafton Superior Court upheld the Town’s 1992 ordinance preventing the location or expansion of any landfill, ruling that the ordinance may be applied to any part of Stage IV that goes beyond the 51 acres; ruling that the Town’s height ordinance is valid within the 51 acres; upholding the Town’s right to require Site Plan Review, except that there are certain areas within the Town’s Site Plan Review regulation that are preempted; and ruling that the methane gas utilization/leachate handling facility is not subject to the Town’s ordinance forbidding incinerators. On May 27, 2003, NCES appealed the Court ruling to the New Hampshire Supreme Court. On March 1, 2004, the Supreme Court issued an opinion affirming that NCES has all of the local approvals that it needs to operate within the 51 acres and that the Town cannot therefore require site plan review for landfill development within the 51 acres. The Supreme Court’s opinion left open for further review the question of whether the Town’s 1992 ordinance can prevent expansion of the facility outside the 51 acres, remanding to the Superior Court four issues, including two defenses raised by NCES as grounds for invalidating the 1992 ordinance. On April 19, 2005, the Superior Court judge granted NCES’ motion for partial summary judgment, ruling that the 1992 ordinance is invalid because it distinguishes between “users” of land rather than “uses” of land, and that a state statute preempts the Town’s ability to issue a building permit for the methane gas utilization/leachate handling facility to the extent the Town’s regulations relate to design, installation, construction, modification or operation. After this ruling, the Town amended its counterclaim to request a declaration that another zoning ordinance it enacted in March of 2005 is lawful and prevents the expansion of the landfill outside of the 51 acres. In the Fall of 2005 NCES and the Town engaged in private mediation in an effort to resolve the disputes between them, but the mediation was unsuccessful. NCES filed a motion with the court on December 15, 2005 for partial summary judgment asserting six different arguments challenging the lawfulness of the March 2005 amendment to the zoning ordinance, and the town filed a cross-motion on January 13, 2006 for partial summary judgment on the same issue. On February 13, 2006, NCES filed its objection with the Grafton Superior Court to the Town’s cross-motion for summary judgment. In April 2006, the court ruled against NCES on the applicability of all six arguments challenging the lawfulness of the March 2005 ordinance and NCES filed a motion for reconsideration. On May 30, 2006, the judge issued a ruling on the motion for reconsideration, reversing herself with respect to two of the six arguments she ruled earlier to be invalid, thereby preserving such arguments for trial. Additionally, several issues related to the March 2005 amendment that were not the subject of such motions remain to be decided by a trial, in addition to the issues remanded by the Supreme Court, which  include whether the Town can impose site plan review requirements outside the 51 acres, and whether the 1992 ordinance contravenes the general welfare of the community. On June 6, 2006, the
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Town rejected a settlement proposal from NCES at a special town meeting. A conference will be held on June 30, 2006 with the judge to establish a discovery schedule and a potential trial date.
On January 10, 2002, the City of Biddeford, Maine filed a lawsuit in York County Superior Court in Maine alleging breach of the waste handling agreement among the Biddeford-Saco Waste Handling Committee, the cities of Biddeford and Saco, Maine and the Company’s subsidiary Maine Energy for (1) failure to pay the residual cancellation payments in connection with the Company’s merger with KTI and (2) processing amounts of waste above contractual limits without notice to the City. On May 3, 2002, the City of Saco filed a lawsuit in York County Superior Court against the Company, Maine Energy and other subsidiaries. The complaint in that action, which was amended by the City of Saco on July 22, 2002, alleges breaches of the 1991 waste handling agreement for failure to pay the residual cancellation payment, which Saco alleges is due as a result of, among other things, (1) the Company’s merger with KTI and (2) Maine Energy’s failure to pay off certain limited partner loans in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The complaint also seeks damages for breach of contract and a court order requiring the Company to provide an accounting of all transactions since May 3, 1996 involving transfers of assets to or for the benefit of the equity owners of Maine Energy. On June 6, 2002, the additional 13 municipalities that were parties to the 1991 waste handling agreements (“the Tri-County Towns”) filed a lawsuit in York County Superior Court against Maine Energy alleging breaches of the 1991 waste handling agreements for failure to pay the residual cancellation payment which they allege is due as a result of (1) the Company’s merger with KTI; and (2) failure to pay off the limited partner loans when funds were allegedly available. On July 25, 2002, the three actions were consolidated for purposes of discovery, case management and pretrial proceedings. On December 23, 2003, the action brought by the Tri-County Towns against Maine Energy was stayed pursuant to a court order as a result of a conditional settlement reached by the parties. The settlement became final, and, on or about July 8, 2004, the Tri-County Towns’ action was dismissed with prejudice pursuant to stipulation by the parties. The litigation brought by the remaining Cities of Biddeford and Saco is currently in the discovery phase. Simultaneously, the Company is engaged in settlement negotiations with the City of Biddeford concerning the claims asserted in these actions and other matters, however, at this stage it is impossible to predict whether a settlement will be reached. The Company has vigorously contested the claims asserted by the cities. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses to these claims.
On or about December 3, 2003, Maine Energy was served with a complaint filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maine. The complaint was a citizen suit under the federal Clean Air Act (“CAA”) and similar state law alleging (1) emissions of volatile organic compounds (“VOCs”) in violation of its federal operating permit; (2) failure to accurately identify emissions; and (3) failure to control VOC emissions through implementation of reasonably available control technology. In addition, the complaint alleged that Maine Energy was negligent and that the subject emissions cause odors and constitute a public nuisance. The allegations related to Maine Energy’s waste-to-energy facility located in Biddeford, Maine and its construction, installation and operation of a new odor control system which redirects air from tipping and processing buildings to a boiler building for treatment by three air vents. The complaint sought an unspecified amount of civil penalties, damages, injunctive relief and attorney’s fees. The court allowed the City’s requests to amend its complaint to assert (1) an additional CAA claim that Maine Energy filed with the Maine DEP a compliance certification for calendar year 2002 which failed to disclose required information concerning VOC emissions, and (2) an additional claim that the installation of the odor control system constituted a major modification under the Maine DEP air rules, which required Maine Energy to obtain emission offsets and to apply the most stringent level of emission control known as the Lowest Available Emission Rate or LAER. This latter amendment sought additional relief in the form of an order requiring that Maine Energy obtain emission offsets and apply LAER to emissions from its tipping and processing operations. On June 2, 2004, the City of Biddeford dismissed the subject complaint without prejudice while settlement negotiations take place. On or about May 25, 2004, Maine Energy received a revised 60-Day Notice of Intent to Sue under the CAA from the Cities of Biddeford and Saco. The Notice states that the Cities intend to refile suit under the CAA in the event that the ongoing settlement negotiations do not resolve the claims. On or about July 22, 2004 and March 28, 2005, Maine Energy received from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) a request for information pursuant to section 114(a)(1) of the CAA, which states that the EPA is evaluating whether the Maine Energy facility is in compliance with the CAA, CAA regulations, and licenses issued under the CAA. Maine Energy has fully cooperated with the EPA in connection with these requests for information pertaining to VOC emissions issues and is currently engaged in settlement discussions.
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On March 2, 2005, the Company’s subsidiary Casella Waste Management of Pennsylvania, Inc. (“CWMPA”) was issued an Administrative Order by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (“DEP”) revoking CWMPA’s transfer station permit for its 75-ton-per-day transfer station located in Wellsboro, Pennsylvania and ordering that the site be closed. The DEP based its decision on certain alleged violations related to recordkeeping and site management over a five-year period. On March 10, 2005, CWMPA appealed the Order to the State’s Environmental Hearing Board (“EHB”). The Pennsylvania Attorney General’s Office is also conducting a criminal investigation of the allegations. On March 17, 2005, CWMPA and the DEP mutually agreed to a Supersedeas Order approved by the EHB which superseded the March 2, 2005 DEP Order, stating that CWMPA agreed to (i) voluntarily cease operations at the transfer station until May 16, 2005; (ii) relocate its hauling company before May 16, 2005; and (iii) develop a Management and Operation Plan for the transfer station by May 16, 2005. On May 17, 2005, the EHB judge extended the Supersedeas Order until June 10, 2005 and authorized the transfer station to resume operations upon completion of the relocation of the hauling company and receipt of a permit modification related to the weighing of bag waste from individual customers. CWMPA satisfied the conditions and recommenced operations at the transfer station on May 20, 2005. On June 9, 2005, CWMPA and the DEP filed a stipulation with the EHB withdrawing and voiding the March 2, 2005 Order revoking the permit, while reserving the DEP’s right to seek civil penalties and the Company’s right to defend against any such penalties. On March 9, 2006, the Company reached an agreement with the Attorney General’s Office that resolved its investigation with a misdemeanor fine in the amount of $35,000 plus a $15,000 contribution to a non-profit environmental organization. The Company has reached a settlement in principal with the DEP whereby the Company expects to pay a civil penalty in the amount of $400,000. The Company plans to finalize the settlement in June 2006.
On March 10, 2005, the Zoning Enforcement Officer (“ZEO”) for the Town of Hardwick, Massachusetts rendered an opinion that a portion of the current Phase II footprint of the Company’s Hardwick Landfill is on land on Lot 1 that is not properly zoned. On April 7, 2005, the Company appealed the opinion to the Hardwick Zoning Board of Appeals (“ZBA”). On July 13, 2005, the ZBA denied the Company’s appeal. On August 1, 2005, the Company appealed the ZBA’s decision to the Massachusetts Land Court. The Company proposed a plan to implement an interim closure of the affected Lot 1 which included relocation of waste from an unlined area on Lot 2 (a lot unaffected by the decision) to the affected Lot 1. The ZEO issued a letter prohibiting the Company from relocating waste onto Lot 1. The Company appealed the ZEO decision to the ZBA and the ZBA denied the appeal on November 29, 2005. The Company appealed the ZBA decision to the Land Court and had it consolidated with the other appeal filed with the Land Court. On January 18, 2006, the Massachusetts Attorney General approved new general bylaw articles of the town which, among other things, prohibit the use of construction and demolition debris as grading, shaping or closure materials. Such articles may have an adverse impact on the Company’s ability to relocate some or all of the waste onto the affected lot. The Company and the Town executed a Host Community Agreement on June 7, 2005, which provides the Town with certain immediate benefits and will provide certain deferred benefits upon receipt of approvals for the rezoning of the existing landfill area and an expansion area, which the Company expects to apply for in the future.  On November 16, 2005, the adjacent town of Ware adopted regulations restricting truck traffic in a manner that affects certain routes into the landfill. On December 20, 2005, the Company filed an action challenging the regulations and seeking a preliminary injunction. On December 30, 2005, the Court denied the preliminary injunction. The Company is continuing to pursue its challenge to the Ware regulations and the case has entered the discovery phase. On May 22, 2006, the ZEO for the Town of Hardwick, Massachusetts rendered an opinion that the current Phase II footprint of the Company’s Hardwick Landfill is on land on Lot 2 that is not properly zoned. The May 22, 2006 order contradicts two prior rulings by the ZEO, which stated that Lot 2 is grandfathered and exempt from zoning. On May 26, 2006, the ZEO stayed his May 22, 2006 order pending the Company’s appeal and resolution of any such appeal by the Zoning Board of Appeals.
On May 25, 2005, the Company was served with an antitrust summons by the Office of the Attorney General of the State of Maine pursuant to its investigation of whether the Company and the City of Lewiston have entered into an agreement to operate a municipal landfill in restraint of trade or commerce and whether such an agreement would constitute an acquisition of assets that may substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly. The summons sought the production of documents related to the Company’s operations in the State of Maine. In July,
32

2005, the Maine Department of Environmental Protection (“MEDEP”) expressed additional concerns with the Operating Services Agreement related to whether or not it violates a Maine statute prohibiting the development of commercial landfills. On October 12, 2005, the Office of the Attorney General rendered its decision that the proposed transaction violates the ban on commercial landfills because of the Attorney General’s belief that the overall effect of the contract constitutes a transfer of meaningful control from the City of Lewiston to the Company. The transaction is on hold indefinitely.
On June 23, 2005, the Company was advised that the State’s Attorney for Chittenden County, Vermont has initiated a formal investigation through the State’s Inquest process to determine if there is any criminal culpability in connection with the fatality on January 28, 2005 of a driver of the Company’s subsidiary All Cycle Waste, Inc. that occurred on the job when the driver’s rear-loader trash truck rolled over him when he was behind it. The Company is cooperating with the investigation. On July 21, 2005, the Company settled with the Vermont Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which was conducting a separate civil investigation of potential safety violations, by agreeing to pay a penalty in the amount of $28,000 in connection with four alleged general duty clause violations in connection with the accident. In the on-going criminal investigation, the Company continues to fully cooperate with the State’s Attorney.
On December 2, 2005, the Company was served with a petition filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York by a group of approximately 100 residents of Chemung County, New York seeking to vacate and set aside the Operating, Management and Lease Agreement (“OML Agreement”) between Chemung County and the Company pertaining to the Company’s operation of the Chemung County Landfill, the Host Community Benefit Agreement between the Town of Chemung and the Company and certain resolutions adopted by the County and the Town authorizing such transactions. The petition alleges that the documents illegally contract away or limit the police power functions of the County or the Town; that the County improperly segmented review of a planned increase in the annual capacity and related physical expansion of the landfill; that the County failed to properly define and describe the future projects; and that the County failed to adequately assess the immediate impacts of the OML Agreement and the resultant privatization of the landfill as required under the State Environmental Quality Review Act. On February 21, 2006, the judge dismissed the petition in its entirety. Plaintiffs did not appeal.
We offer no prediction of the outcome of any of the proceedings described above. We are vigorously defending each of these lawsuits. However, there can be no guarantee we will prevail or that any judgments against us, if sustained on appeal, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We are a defendant in certain other lawsuits alleging various claims incurred in the ordinary course of business, none of which, either individually or in the aggregate, we believe are material to our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
There were no matters submitted to a vote of the security holders during the fiscal quarter ended April 30, 2006.
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PART II
ITEM 5.                    MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND  ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our Class A common stock trades on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol “CWST”. The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices of our Class A common stock for the periods indicated as quoted on the Nasdaq National Market.
Period	 	High	 	Low	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fiscal Year Ending April 30, 2005	 	 	 	 	 	
First quarter	 	$	15.50	 	$	11.90	 	
Second quarter	 	$	12.65	 	$	10.80	 	
Third quarter	 	$	15.27	 	$	11.97	 	
Fourth quarter	 	$	15.30	 	$	11.47	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fiscal Year Ending April 30, 2006	 	 	 	 	 	
First quarter	 	$	13.57	 	$	10.88	 	
Second quarter	 	$	13.87	 	$	11.67	 	
Third quarter	 	$	13.84	 	$	11.36	 	
Fourth quarter	 	$	15.76	 	$	12.60	 	
 
On May 31, 2006, the high and low sale prices per share of our Class A common stock as quoted on the Nasdaq National Market were $15.62 and $14.95, respectively. As of May 31, 2006 there were approximately 438 holders of record of our Class A common stock and two holders of record of our Class B common stock. There is no established trading market for our Class B common stock.
For purposes of calculating the aggregate market value of the shares of common stock held by non-affiliates, as shown on the cover page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, it has been assumed that all the outstanding shares of Class A common stock were held by non-affiliates except for the shares beneficially held by directors and executive officers and funds represented by them.
No dividends have ever been declared or paid on our common stock and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Our credit facility restricts the payment of dividends on common stock.
The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is included in Part III of this Form 10-K.
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ITEM 6.                    SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OPERATING DATA
The following selected consolidated financial and operating data set forth below with respect to our consolidated statements of operations and cash flows for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, and the consolidated balance sheets as of April 30, 2005 and 2006 are derived from the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The consolidated statements of operations and cash flows data for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2002 and 2003, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of April 30, 2002, 2003 and 2004 are derived from previously filed Consolidated Financial Statements. The data set forth below should be read in conjunction with the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2002	 	2003	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
 	 	(in thousands, except per share data)	 	
Statement of Operations Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenues	 	$	420,067	 	$	419,518	 	$	437,961	 	$	481,964	 	$	525,928	 	
Cost of operations	 	275,961	 	277,579	 	285,828	 	310,921	 	348,520	 	
General and administration	 	54,167	 	55,432	 	58,167	 	63,678	 	69,144	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	50,621	 	47,879	 	59,596	 	65,637	 	64,589	 	
Impairment charge	 	—	 	4,864	 	1,663	 	—	 	—	 	
Restructuring charge	 	(438	)	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Deferred costs	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	295	 	1,329	 	
Operating income	 	39,756	 	33,764	 	32,707	 	41,433	 	42,346	 	
Interest expense, net	 	30,355	 	26,036	 	25,249	 	29,391	 	32,014	 	
Other (income)/expense, net	 	(6,535	)	(175	)	3,688	 	(894	)	(7,727	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income from continuing operations before income taxes, discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	 	15,936	 	7,903	 	3,770	 	12,936	 	18,059	 	
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	 	5,140	 	3,825	 	(1,622	)	5,725	 	6,955	 	
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	 	10,796	 	4,078	 	5,392	 	7,211	 	11,104	 	
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net	 	(109	)	(20	)	(10	)	140	 	—	 	
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations, net	 	(4,096	)	—	 	—	 	(82	)	—	 	
Reclassification from discontinued operations, net	 	1,140	 	50	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, net	 	(250	)	(63,916	)	2,723	 	—	 	—	 	
Net income (loss)	 	7,481	 	(59,808	)	8,105	 	7,269	 	11,104	 	
Preferred stock dividend	 	3,010	 	3,094	 	3,252	 	3,338	 	3,432	 	
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	 	$	4,471	 	$	(62,902	)	$	4,853	 	$	3,931	 	$	7,672	 	
Basic net (loss) income per common share	 	$	0.19	 	$	(2.65	)	$	0.20	 	$	0.16	 	$	0.31	 	
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding(1)	 	23,496	 	23,716	 	24,002	 	24,679	 	24,980	 	
Diluted net (loss) income per common share	 	$	0.19	 	$	(2.63	)	$	0.20	 	$	0.16	 	$	0.30	 	
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding(1)	 	24,169	 	23,904	 	24,445	 	25,193	 	25,368	 	
 
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 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2002	 	2003	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
 	 	(in thousands)	 	
Other Operating Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Capital expenditures	 	$	(37,674	)	$	(41,925	)	$	(58,335	)	$	(80,064	)	$	(114,011	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows provided by operating activities	 	$	67,687	 	$	66,952	 	$	69,898	 	$	83,034	 	$	75,064	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows used in investing activities	 	$	(9,533	)	$	(63,208	)	$	(123,658	)	$	(103,755	)	$	(150,218	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities	 	$	(70,065	)	$	7,610	 	$	46,115	 	$	21,292	 	$	74,005	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance Sheet Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	4,298	 	$	15,652	 	$	8,007	 	$	8,578	 	$	7,429	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Working capital (deficit), net(2)	 	$	(11,795	)	$	(11,591	)	$	(25,875	)	$	(31,949	)	$	(23,220	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property, plant and equipment, net	 	$	287,206	 	$	302,328	 	$	372,038	 	$	412,753	 	$	481,284	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Goodwill	 	$	219,730	 	$	159,682	 	$	157,230	 	$	157,492	 	$	171,258	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total assets	 	$	621,611	 	$	602,641	 	$	676,277	 	$	712,454	 	$	811,111	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Long-term debt, less current maturities	 	$	277,545	 	$	302,389	 	$	349,163	 	$	378,436	 	$	452,720	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Redeemable preferred stock	 	$	60,730	 	$	63,824	 	$	67,076	 	$	67,964	 	$	70,430	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total stockholders’ equity	 	$	176,796	 	$	119,152	 	$	130,055	 	$	138,782	 	$	149,490	 	

(1)             Computed on the basis described in Note 1(n) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
(2)             Working capital, net is defined as current assets, excluding cash and cash equivalents, minus current liabilities.
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ITEM 7.                    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF  OPERATIONS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto, and other financial information, included elsewhere in this Form10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
Company Overview
Casella Waste Systems, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, is a vertically integrated regional solid waste services company that provides collection, transfer, disposal and recycling services to residential, industrial and commercial customers, primarily throughout the eastern region of the United States. We believe we are currently the number one or number two provider of solid waste collection services in approximately 80% of the areas served by our collection divisions. In most of the non-urban markets we serve, we are the only vertically-integrated public company providing solid waste services. We have 31 years of experience operating in less densely-populated secondary markets, which distinguishes us from other regional and national competitors. Our expertise enables us to deal effectively with the unique nature of these markets, which include longer collection routes and seasonal fluctuations.
As of May 31, 2006, we owned and/or operated nine Subtitle D landfills, two landfills permitted to accept construction and demolition materials, 39 solid waste collection operations, 33 transfer stations, 39 recycling facilities and one waste-to-energy facility, as well as a 50% interest in a joint venture that manufactures, markets and sells cellulose insulation made from recycled fiber.
In December 1999, we acquired KTI, an integrated provider of waste processing services, for aggregate consideration of $340.0 million. Following our acquisition of KTI, through 2002, we focused on the integration of KTI and the divestiture of non-core KTI assets.
From 2003 to date, we have focused on building our disposal capacity within our footprint, using our partnership model. We believe we have been successful, because we added Hardwick at the end of fiscal year 2003 and Southbridge in Massachusetts, Ontario in upper New York State and Juniper Ridge (formerly West Old Town) in Maine, all in fiscal year 2004, Chemung County landfill in New York in fiscal year 2006, as well as expanded our annual permit limits and overall capacity at our other sites that we own or operate. In fiscal year 2004 and 2005 we were successful in securing an increase of our permitted volume capacity at our Hakes and Waste USA landfill facilities and our Hyland landfill facility received a necessary local approval for the future expansion of the site (subject to receipt of permits).
In late September 2005 the Company commenced operations at the Chemung County Landfill, after executing a twenty-five year operating, management and lease agreement with Chemung County, New York. The landfill is permitted to accept 120,000 tons per year of municipal solid waste. The Company has also assumed operations of the solid waste transfer station and recycling facility. The Company made initial payments of $4.9 million related to this transaction. In January 2006, the Company assumed the closure contract for the Worcester, Massachusetts landfill. Purchase consideration was comprised of forgiveness of receivables and assumption of certain liabilities amounting to $4.6 million. In December, 2005, through an agreement with the Town of Colebrook, NH, we began accepting non hazardous waste to shape, cap, and close that Town’s landfill site. Approximately 600,000 tons of capacity have been created through this project and the project is expected to last approximately three years.
The annual tons disposed in our landfills have increased from 1.8 million tons in fiscal year 2004 to 2.9 million tons in fiscal year 2006, and total permitted and permittable capacity has increased from 29.6 tons at May 1, 2003 to 86.7 million tons at April 30, 2006. We have also closed on 37 tuck-in acquisitions during that time. From May 1, 1994 through April 30, 2006, we acquired 227 solid waste collection, transfer, recycling and disposal operations. In fiscal year 2006 the Company acquired 15 solid waste hauling and recycling operations.
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Our objective in building disposal capacity is to increase our vertical integration within our footprint to optimize our control of the waste stream from collection through disposal, thereby providing an economic benefit. Internalization of waste refers to the amount of waste that our collection companies collect that is ultimately disposed of in one of our disposal facilities. As a result of our success in building disposal capacity our internalization increased to 56.6% in fiscal year 2006 from 53.2% in fiscal year 2004.
On September 19, 2005 the Company acquired Blue Mountain Recycling, LLC which has two single-stream recycling facilities in Philadelphia and Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania and a small recyclable material transfer station in Upper Dublin, Pennsylvania. Blue Mountain also has a processing agreement with RecycleBank LLC, an incentive-based recycling service that gives homeowners credits for recycling which can be used with participating merchants.
The Company continues to be focused on selectively pursuing accretive acquisitions with the goal of increasing route density and landfill internalization through tuck-in opportunities and by acquiring or agreeing to operate strategically located landfills. The Company has also focused on measuring return on net assets as a metric to aligning performance with these stated objectives.
Operating Results
The Company publicly announced its guidance for fiscal year 2006 and stated that results would be in the following approximate ranges (assuming no material change in the health of the regional economy; solid waste operation price growth of 2.1%; FCR price growth to remain flat; and no major acquisitions):
·                  Revenues between $500.0 million and $520.0 million;
·                  Total of expected capital expenditures between $110.0 million and $112.0 million; and
·                  Free cash flow (a non-GAAP measure) between $(32.0) million and $(36.0) million.
For the fiscal year ended April 30, 2006, the company reported revenues of $525.9 million, an increase of $43.9 million, or 9.1%, from $482.0 million in fiscal year 2005. The Company exceeded the high end of guidance due largely to the effect of acquisitions in fiscal year 2006, which accounted for 3.7% of the revenue growth year over year. As a percentage of solid waste revenues, internal growth for solid waste operations in fiscal year 2006 was 5.6% with 4.8% from price increases. As a percentage of FCR Recycling revenues, internal growth in fiscal year 2006 was 2.5%, primarily related to volume increases.
Operating income for the year was $42.3 million in fiscal year 2006, compared to $41.4 in fiscal year 2005. Higher revenues were partially offset by higher operating costs including higher fuel and transportation costs. Operating income in fiscal year 2006 was also negatively impacted by approximately $2.0 million by the delayed start-up of the Worcester and Colebrook closure projects. In addition, due to the uncertainty as to if and when, if at all, the project can be restarted, a charge of $1.3 million was recorded in fiscal year 2006 to write-off the development costs incurred in pursuit of a contract to develop and operate the Town of Templeton, Massachusetts sanitary landfill.
Capital expenditures in fiscal year 2006 were $114.0 million, which exceeded the high end of our guidance by approximately $2.0 million, mainly from the purchase of a Boston municipal recycling facility, the ten year renewal of the Mid-Conn contract and the conversion of the Auburn municipal recycling facility to single stream.
Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure provided because certain investors use this information when analyzing the financial position of the solid waste industry, including us, and assists investors in measuring our ability to meet capital expenditure and working capital requirements. The most comparable GAAP financial measure to free cash flow is net cash provided by operating activities. Our free cash flow for fiscal year 2006 and 2005 is calculated as follows (in thousands):
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 	 	Fiscal year ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Net cash provided by operating activities	 	$	83,034	 	$	75,064	 	
Capital expenditures	 	(80,064	)	(114,011	)	
Other	 	(2,638	)	(1,381	)	
Free cash flow	 	$	332	 	$	(40,328	)	
 
Negative free cash flow results for fiscal year 2006 exceeded our guidance mainly due to higher levels of capital expenditures as well as the effect of lower operating income margins as described above, and a larger negative change in working capital.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments which are based on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of their evaluation form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and circumstances. Our significant accounting policies are more fully discussed in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Landfill Accounting — Capitalized Costs and Amortization
We use life-cycle accounting and the units-of-consumption method to recognize certain landfill costs. Capitalized landfill costs include expenditures for land and related airspace, permitting costs and preparation costs. Landfill permitting and preparation costs represent only direct costs related to these activities, including legal, engineering and construction. Landfill preparation costs include the costs of construction associated with excavation, liners, site berms and the installation of leak detection and leachate collection systems. Interest is capitalized on landfill construction projects while the assets are undergoing activities to ready them for their intended use. The interest capitalization rate is based on the Company’s weighted average cost of indebtedness. Interest capitalized for the years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 was $0.4 million, $0.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively. Management routinely reviews its investment in operating landfills, transfer stations and other significant facilities to determine whether the costs of these investments are realizable. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on regulatory factors, market conditions and the operational performance of our landfills. Future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that our landfill carrying costs are impaired. Any resulting impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Under life-cycle accounting, all costs related to acquisition and construction of landfill sites are capitalized and charged to income based on tonnage placed into each site. Landfill permitting, acquisition and preparation costs are amortized on the units-of-consumption method as landfill airspace is consumed. In determining the amortization rate for these landfills, preparation costs include the total estimated costs to complete construction of the landfills’ permitted and permittable capacity. In determining estimated future landfill permitting, acquisition, construction and preparation costs, we consider the landfill costs associated with permitted and permittable airspace. To be considered permittable, airspace must meet all of the following criteria:
·              we control the land on which the expansion is sought;
·              all technical siting criteria have been met or a variance has been obtained or is reasonably expected to be obtained;
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·              we have not identified any legal or political impediments which we believe will not be resolved in our favor;
·              we are actively working on obtaining any necessary permits and we expect that all required permits will be received; and
·              senior management has approved the project.
Units-of-consumption amortization rates are determined annually for each of our operating landfills. The rates are based on estimates provided by our engineers and accounting personnel and consider the information provided by airspace surveys, which are performed at least annually. Significant changes in our estimates could materially increase our landfill depletion rates, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our estimate of future landfill permitting, acquisition, construction and preparation costs as of April 30, 2006 increased to $398.8 million, compared to $363.3 million as of April 30, 2005 and $299.6 million as of April 30, 2004. The increase in estimated costs in fiscal 2006 is primarily as a result of additional permitted and permittable airspace from our newly acquired landfill operating contract at Chemung, which increased airspace to 86.7 million tons as of April 30, 2006 as compared to 81.7 million tons as of April 30, 2005 and 65.6 million tons as of April 30, 2004. The increase in fiscal year 2005, compared to fiscal year 2004, is primarily due to a determination of additional permittable airspace capacity at our Hyland, Juniper Ridge and Waste USA landfills. Landfill amortization expense for the years ended April 30, 2006, 2005 and 2004 was $23.8 million, $27.6 million and $22.7 million, respectively. The decrease in landfill amortization expense in fiscal year 2006 was primarily due to lower volumes in the South Eastern region resulting from the completion of the Brockton project, partially offset by increased amortization associated with the startup of the Worcester and Colebrook closure projects and the Chemung County landfill. The increase in fiscal year 2005, compared to fiscal year 2004, was primarily attributable to increased landfill volumes in part resulting from our landfill operating contracts at Ontario, Southbridge and Juniper Ridge, which became active in the third and fourth quarter of fiscal year 2004.
Landfill Accounting — Capping, Closure and Post-Closure Costs
Capping includes installation of liners, drainage, compacted soil layers and topsoil over areas of a landfill where total airspace has been consumed and waste is no longer being received. Capping activities occur throughout the life of the landfill. Our engineering personnel estimate the cost for each capping event based on the acreage to be capped and the capping materials and activities required. The estimates also consider when these costs would actually be paid and factor in inflation and discount rates. The engineers then quantify the landfill capacity associated with each capping event and the costs for each event are amortized over that capacity as waste is received at the landfill.
Closure and post-closure costs represent future estimated costs related to monitoring and maintenance of a solid waste landfill, after a landfill facility ceases to accept waste and closes. We estimate, based on input from our engineers, accounting personnel and consultants, our future cost requirements for closure and post-closure monitoring and maintenance based on our interpretation of the technical standards of the Subtitle D regulations and the air emissions standards under the Clean Air Act as they are being applied on a state-by-state basis. Closure and post-closure accruals for the cost of monitoring and maintenance include site inspection, groundwater monitoring, leachate management, methane gas control and recovery, and operation and maintenance costs to be incurred for a period which is generally for a term of 30 years after final closure of a landfill. Significant reductions in our estimates of the remaining lives of our landfills or significant increases in our estimates of the landfill closure and post-closure maintenance costs could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In determining estimated future closure and post-closure costs, we consider costs associated with permitted and permittable airspace.
Our estimates of costs to discharge capping, closure and post-closure asset retirement obligations for landfills are developed in today’s dollars. These costs are then inflated to the period of performance using an estimate of inflation which is updated annually (2.6% and 2.7% for fiscal year 2005 and 2006, respectively). Capping, closure and post-closure liabilities are discounted using the credit adjusted risk-free rate in effect at the time the obligation is incurred (7.6% to 9.5%). Accretion expense is necessary to increase the accrued capping, closure and post-closure
40

liabilities to the future anticipated obligation. To accomplish this, we accrete our capping, closure and post-closure accrual balances using the same credit-adjusted, risk-free rate that was used to calculate the recorded liability. Accretion expense on recorded landfill liabilities is recorded to cost of operations from the time the liability is recognized until the costs are paid. Accretion expense amounted to $1.9 million, $2.2 million and $2.2 million in fiscal years 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
Our estimate of future capping, closure and post-closure costs was $185.1 million as of April 30, 2006, compared to $157.6 million as of April 30, 2005 and $148.7 million as of April 30, 2004. The increase in estimated costs in fiscal 2006 is primarily as a result of additional permitted and permittable airspace from our newly acquired landfill operating contract at Chemung, which also increased airspace to 86.7 million tons as of April 30, 2006 compared to 81.7 million tons as of April 30, 2005 and 65.6 million tons as of April 30, 2004. The increase in fiscal year 2005, compared to fiscal year 2004, is primarily due to a determination of additional permittable airspace capacity at our Hyland, Juniper Ridge and Waste USA landfills.
We provide for the accrual and amortization of estimated future obligations for closure and post-closure based on tonnage placed into each site. With regards to capping, the liability is recognized and these costs are amortized based on the airspace related to the specific capping event.
Accrued capping, closure and post-closure costs include the current and non-current portion of costs associated with obligations for capping, closure and post-closure of our landfills. The changes to accrued capping, closure and post-closure liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Beginning balance, May 1	 	$	25,949	 	$	25,223	 	$	26,628	 	
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle(1)	 	(7,855	)	—	 	—	 	
Capping, closure, and post-closure liability, adjusted	 	18,094	 	25,223	 	26,628	 	
Obligations incurred	 	4,556	 	4,774	 	4,330	 	
Revisions in estimates	 	(1,371	)	(2,795	)	(1,252	)	
Accretion expense	 	1,871	 	2,201	 	2,224	 	
Payments(2)	 	(2,707	)	(6,068	)	(3,914	)	
Acquisitions and other adjustments(3)	 	4,780	 	3,293	 	—	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance, April 30	 	$	25,223	 	$	26,628	 	$	28,016	 	

(1)             Upon adoption of SFAS No. 143, on May 1, 2003, we recorded a cumulative effect of change in accounting principle to reflect a decrease in our capping, closure and post-closure obligations of $7.9 million.  The decrease resulted primarily from a SFAS 143 requirement that we discount our future estimated capping, closure and post closure landfill obligations.
(2)             Spending levels increased in fiscal year 2005 mainly due to closure activities at our Southbridge, Massachusetts landfill.
(3)             The increase in fiscal 2005 is as a result of capping, closure and post-closure accruals relating to the acquisition of the Southbridge, Massachusetts landfill operating contract.
We estimate our future capping, closure and post-closure costs in order to determine the capping, closure and post-closure expense per ton of waste placed into each landfill as further described in Note 1(l) to our consolidated financial statements. The anticipated timeframe for paying these costs varies based on the remaining useful life of each landfill, as well as the duration of the post-closure monitoring period. Based on our permitted and permittable airspace at April 30, 2006, we expect to make payments relative to capping, closure and post-closure activities from fiscal year 2007 through fiscal year 2093.
Asset Impairment
In accordance with SFAS No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, we review
41

our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the remaining estimated useful life of such assets might warrant revision or that the balances may not be recoverable. We evaluate possible impairment by comparing estimated discounted future cash flows to determine with the net book value of long-term assets including amortizable intangible assets. If undiscounted cash flows are insufficient to recover assets, further analysis is performed in order to determine the amount of the impairment. An impairment loss is then recorded equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds their fair value. Fair value is usually determined based on the present value of estimated expected future cash flows using a discount rate commensurate with the risks involved.
Upon adoption of SFAS No. 142 we eliminated the amortization of goodwill and annually assess goodwill impairment at each fiscal year end by applying a fair value based test. We evaluate goodwill for impairment based on fair value of each operating segment. We estimate fair value based on net future cash flows discounted using an estimated weighted average cost of capital. We recognize an impairment if the net book value exceeds the fair value of the discounted future cash flows.
Bad Debt Allowance
Estimates are used in determining our allowance for bad debts and are based on our historical collection experience, current trends, credit policy and a review of our accounts receivable by aging category. Our reserve is evaluated and revised on a monthly basis.
Self-Insurance Liabilities and Related Costs
We are self insured for vehicles and workers compensation. The liability for unpaid claims and associated expenses, including incurred but not reported losses, is determined by management with the assistance of a third party actuary and reflected in our consolidated balance sheet as an accrued liability. We use a third party to track and evaluate actual claims experience for consistency with the data used in the annual actuarial valuation. The actuarially determined liability is calculated in part by reference to past claims experience, which considers both the frequency and settlement amount of claims.
Income Tax Accruals
We record income taxes in accordance with SFAS No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes. Under SFAS No. 109, deferred income taxes are recognized based on the expected future tax consequences of differences between the financial statement basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, calculated using currently enacted tax rates. Management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. Valuation allowances have been established for the possibility that tax benefits may not be realized for certain deferred tax assets.
General
Revenues
Our revenues in our North Eastern, South Eastern, Central and Western regions are attributable primarily to fees charged to customers for solid waste disposal and collection, landfill, waste-to-energy, transfer and recycling services. We derive a substantial portion of our collection revenues from commercial, industrial and municipal services that are generally performed under service agreements or pursuant to contracts with municipalities. The majority of our residential collection services are performed on a subscription basis with individual households. Landfill, waste-to-energy facility and transfer customers are charged a tipping fee on a per ton basis for disposing of their solid waste at our disposal facilities and transfer stations. The majority of our disposal and transfer customers are under one to ten year disposal contracts, with most having clauses for annual cost of living increases. Recycling revenues, which are included in FCR and the Central and Western regions, consist of revenues from the sale of recyclable commodities and operations and maintenance contracts of recycling facilities for municipal customers.
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Our cellulose insulation business is conducted through a 50/50 joint venture with Louisiana-Pacific, and accordingly, we recognize half of the joint venture’s net income on the equity method in our results of operations. Also, in the “Other” segment, we have ancillary revenues including major customer accounts and earnings from equity method investees.
Our revenues are shown net of inter-company eliminations. We typically establish our inter-company transfer pricing based upon prevailing market rates. The table below shows, for the periods indicated, the percentages and dollars of revenue attributable to services provided. For the fiscal year ended April 30, 2004, the percentages of revenues shown below reflect revenues from the domestic brokerage and recycling operations through June 30, 2003. The domestic brokerage operation, constituting the remainder of our brokerage revenues, was transferred effective June 30, 2003 to the employees of that unit. Despite an increase in the absolute dollar amounts, collection revenues as a percentage of total revenue in fiscal year 2006 were lower compared to the prior year, mainly because of the increase in landfill revenue dollars. Total collection volume, including the positive impact of acquisitions in the Central and Western regions, was down, which was more than offset by price increases across all regions. Landfill/disposal revenues as a percentage of total revenues increased in fiscal year 2006 due to higher landfill prices across all regions and the effect of the addition of Chemung landfill in the Western region and the Worcester and Colebrook closure projects in the South Eastern and Central regions. Landfill/disposal volumes increased in all regions except the South Eastern region due to the completion of the Brockton closure project. Recycling revenues as a percentage of total revenue in fiscal year 2006 were lower compared to the prior year, despite an increase in the absolute dollar amounts, mainly because of the increase in landfill revenue dollars. The increase in recycling revenue dollars is primarily attributable to higher volumes from our existing facilities as well as the acquisition of Blue Mountain Recycling in the FCR region.
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004(1)	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Collection	 	$	226,840	 	51.8	%	$237,877	 	49.4	%	$	253,282	 	48.2	%	
Landfill/disposal facilities	 	69,639	 	15.9	 	80,132	 	16.6	 	97,801	 	18.6	 	
Transfer	 	38,830	 	8.9	 	41,862	 	8.7	 	44,394	 	8.4	 	
Recycling	 	99,362	 	22.7	 	122,093	 	25.3	 	130,451	 	24.8	 	
Brokerage	 	3,290	 	0.7	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total revenues	 	$	437,961	 	100.0	%	$	481,964	 	100.0	%	$	525,928	 	100.0	%	

(1)             We revised percentages of total revenues and total revenue attributable to service provided for fiscal year ended April 30, 2004 to conform with our classification of revenues attributable to services provided in the current fiscal year.
Operating Expenses
Cost of operations includes labor, tipping fees paid to third-party disposal facilities, fuel, maintenance and repair of vehicles and equipment, worker’s compensation and vehicle insurance, the cost of purchasing materials to be recycled, third party transportation expense, district and state taxes, host community fees and royalties. Cost of operations also includes accretion expense related to landfill capping, closure and post closure, leachate treatment and disposal costs and depletion of landfill operating lease obligations.
General and administration expenses include management, clerical and administrative compensation and overhead, professional services and costs associated with marketing, sales force and community relations efforts.
Depreciation and amortization expense includes depreciation of fixed assets over the estimated useful life of the assets using the straight-line method, amortization of landfill airspace assets under the units-of-consumption method, and the amortization of intangible assets (other than goodwill) using the straight-line method. In accordance with SFAS No. 143, Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations,  except for accretion expense, we amortize landfill retirement assets through a charge to cost of operations using a straight-line rate per ton as landfill airspace is utilized. The amount of landfill amortization expense related to airspace consumption can vary materially from landfill to landfill depending upon the purchase price and landfill site and cell development costs. We depreciate all fixed and intangible assets, other than goodwill, to a zero net book value, and do not apply a salvage value to any fixed assets.
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We capitalize certain direct landfill development costs, such as engineering, permitting, legal, construction and other costs associated directly with the expansion of existing landfills. Additionally, we also capitalize certain third party expenditures related to pending acquisitions, such as legal and engineering costs. We routinely evaluate all such capitalized costs, and expense those costs related to projects not likely to be successful. Internal and indirect landfill development and acquisition costs, such as executive and corporate overhead, public relations and other corporate services, are expensed as incurred.
We will have material financial obligations relating to capping, closure and post-closure costs of our existing landfills and any disposal facilities which we may own or operate in the future. We have provided and will in the future provide accruals for these future financial obligations based on engineering estimates of consumption of permitted landfill airspace over the useful life of any such landfill. There can be no assurance that our financial obligations for capping, closure or post-closure costs will not exceed the amount accrued and reserved or amounts otherwise receivable pursuant to trust funds.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the percentage relationship that certain items from our consolidated financial statements bear in relation to revenues.
 	 	Fiscal Year
Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenues	 	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	
Cost of operations	 	65.3	 	64.5	 	66.3	 	
General and administration	 	13.2	 	13.2	 	13.1	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	13.6	 	13.6	 	12.3	 	
Impairment charge	 	0.4	 	—	 	—	 	
Deferred costs	 	—	 	0.1	 	0.3	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income	 	7.5	 	8.6	 	8.0	 	
Interest expense, net	 	5.8	 	6.1	 	6.1	 	
Income from equity method investments	 	(0.5	)	(0.6	)	(1.1	)	
Loss on debt extinguishment	 	—	 	0.4	 	—	 	
Other (income)/expense, net	 	1.4	 	0.1	 	(0.4	)	
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	 	(0.4	)	1.1	 	1.3	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	 	1.2	%	1.5	%	2.1	%	
 
Fiscal Year 2006 versus Fiscal Year 2005
Revenues. Revenues increased $43.9 million, or 9.1% to $525.9 million in fiscal year 2006 from $482.0 million in fiscal year 2005. Revenues from the rollover effect of acquired businesses accounted for $18.7 million of the increase, including tuck-in hauling acquisitions in the Central and Western regions, newly acquired landfill closure projects in the Central and South Eastern regions, the acquisition of two recycling facilities and a small recyclable material transfer station in the FCR region and the new Chemung contract to operate a landfill and transfer station in the Western region. The effect of acquisitions was partially offset by $1.2 million as a result of the transfer of a Canadian recycling operation to its former manager. The revenue increase is also attributable to an increase in solid waste revenues of $24.3 million, due to higher prices and landfill volumes in the North Eastern and Western regions. FCR revenue increased $2.1 million in fiscal year 2006 compared to fiscal year 2005 due primarily to volume increases, pricing being flat to down slightly.
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Cost of operations. Cost of operations increased $37.6 million or 12.1% to $348.5 million in fiscal year 2006 from $310.9 million in fiscal year 2005. Cost of operations as a percentage of revenues increased to 66.3% in fiscal year 2006 from 64.5% in the prior year. The percentage increase in cost of operations expense is primarily due to higher fuel costs as well as higher transportation costs arising from the shipments of higher volumes to our landfills and the higher than expected costs associated with the obligation to provide wood chips to a bio-fuel plant in connection with the acquisition of the Juniper Ridge landfill in the North Eastern region.
General and administration. General and administration expenses increased $5.4 million, or 8.5% to $69.1 million in fiscal year 2006 from $63.7 million in fiscal year 2005, and decreased slightly as a percentage of revenues to 13.1% in fiscal year 2006 from 13.2% in fiscal year 2005. The dollar increase in general and administration expenses was due to higher legal, travel, compensation, consulting costs related to software development, communication and training costs and expenses related to compliance with the Sarbanes Oxley Act.
Deferred costs. Due to the uncertainty regarding if and when the project will be restarted, a charge of $1.3 million was recorded in fiscal year 2006 to write-off the development costs incurred in pursuit of a contract to develop and operate the Town of Templeton, Massachusetts sanitary landfill. A charge of $0.3 million was recorded in fiscal year 2005 to reflect the write-off of development costs associated with the unsuccessful negotiations for the development and operation of the McKean County, Pennsylvania landfill.
Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $1.0 million, or 1.5%, to $64.6 million in fiscal year 2006 from $65.6 million in fiscal year 2005. While depreciation expense increased by $2.7 million between periods, landfill amortization expense decreased by $3.7 million primarily due to the South Eastern region Brockton project reaching completion, amounting to a $5.1 million decrease, partially offset by increased amortization associated with the startup of the Worcester and Colebrook closure projects and the Chemung County landfill.
Operating income. Operating income increased by $0.9 million, or 2.2%, to $42.3 million in fiscal year 2006 from $41.4 million in fiscal year 2005 and decreased as a percentage of revenues to 8.0% in fiscal year 2006 compared to 8.6% in fiscal year 2005. The margin decrease was due to higher revenues being partially offset by higher operating costs and deferred costs as described above. The North Eastern region’s operating income increased slightly in fiscal year 2006 compared to the prior year due to higher collection volumes and pricing and higher operating income at the Maine Energy facility due to higher power production. The South Eastern region’s operating income increased in fiscal year 2006 compared to fiscal year 2005 due primarily to lower landfill amortization, partially offset by deferred costs as mentioned above. The Central and Western region’s operating income decreased in fiscal year 2006 compared to fiscal year 2005 due primarily to higher operating costs and in the Western region, the temporary closing of the Wellsboro location and the associated legal costs. FCR’s operating income increased in fiscal year 2006 compared to the prior year due to the effect of the acquisitions, partially offset by higher operating costs.
Interest expense, net. Net interest expense increased $2.7 million, or 9.2% to $32.0 million in fiscal year 2006 from $29.3 million in fiscal year 2005. This increase is attributable to higher average interest rates along with higher average borrowings in fiscal year 2006 compared to the prior year, driven by the higher capital expenditures in fiscal year 2006 versus 2005 plus the acquisitions.
Income from equity method investments. The income from equity method investment of $5.7 million and $2.9 million for fiscal years 2006 and 2005, respectively, was primarily from the Company’s 50% joint venture interest in GreenFiber. The increase is attributable to higher sales volume and prices in the current fiscal year compared to the prior year comparable period. Late in the third quarter of fiscal year 2006 the Company made a $3.0 million investment, representing a 20% interest, in RecycleBank LLC, a company which markets an incentive-based recycling service that gives homeowners credits for recycling which can be used with participating merchants. This investment is accounted for as an equity method investment. The loss from this equity method investment was $0.1 million in fiscal year 2006.
Other (income)/expense, net. Other income in fiscal year 2006 was $2.0 million compared to other expense of
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$0.3 million in fiscal year 2005. Other income in fiscal year 2006 consisted primarily of a gain on the sale of Sterling Construction, Inc. (formerly Oakhurst Company, Inc.) warrants in the amount of $1.2 million. At the time of sale, there was no book value associated with these warrants as they had been previously written off. Also included in other income in both periods are dividends of $0.4 million from our investment in Evergreen National Indemnity Company (“Evergreen”). Other expense in fiscal year 2005 consisted of the costs of winding down the operations of the New Heights power plant and a loss on retirement of fixed assets, partially offset by gains on the sale of equipment and the dividend from Evergreen.
Provision/(benefit) for income taxes. Provision for income taxes increased $1.3 million for fiscal year 2006 to $7.0 million from $5.7 million for fiscal year 2005. The effective tax rate decreased to 38.5% for fiscal year 2006 from 44.3% for fiscal year 2005 primarily due to a decrease in the overall state tax rate and a decrease in the valuation allowance on certain state net operating losses.
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations. Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations increased $3.9 million, or 54.1% to $11.1 million in fiscal year 2006 from $7.2 million in fiscal year 2005. Slightly higher operating income, higher income from the equity method investments and lower other expenses were partially offset by higher interest expense in fiscal year 2006 compared to the prior year.
Income from discontinued operations/Loss on disposal of discontinued operations. During the second quarter of fiscal 2005, we completed the sale of the assets of Data Destruction Services, Inc. (“Data Destruction”) for cash sale proceeds of $3.0 million. This shredding operation had been historically accounted for as a component of continuing operations up until its sale. The transaction required discontinued operations treatment under SFAS No. 144,  Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets,  therefore the operating results of Data Destruction have been reclassified from continuing to discontinued operations in fiscal 2005 and 2004. Also in connection with the discontinued accounting treatment, the loss (net of tax) from the sale amounting to $0.1 million has been recorded and classified as a loss on disposal of discontinued operations.
Fiscal Year 2005 versus Fiscal Year 2004
Revenues. Revenues increased $44.0 million, or 10.0%, to $482.0 million in fiscal year 2005 from $438.0 million in fiscal year 2004. Revenues from the rollover effect of acquired businesses accounted for $23.7 million of the increase, primarily due to new disposal facilities in the Western and South Eastern regions (the Ontario and Southbridge landfills), as well as a new recycling facility in the South Eastern region, all of which became active in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2004, partially offset by the loss of revenues from the divestiture of the domestic brokerage business amounting to $3.3 million. The revenue increase is also attributable to an increase in solid waste revenues of $14.5 million, due primarily to higher hauling and transfer volumes in the Central region, higher composting volumes in the North Eastern region and higher commodity prices which resulted in an increase in recycling revenues of $9.1 million.
Cost of operations. Cost of operations increased $25.1 million, or 8.8%, to $310.9 million in fiscal year 2005 from $285.8 million in fiscal year 2004. Cost of operations as a percentage of revenues decreased to 64.5% for the fiscal year 2005, from 65.3% in the prior year primarily due to the effect of lower disposal costs as a percentage of revenue from the impact of the activation of new disposal capacity. The dollar increase in cost of operations expense for fiscal year 2005 is primarily due to the effect of higher levels of operating activity and acquired businesses, higher cost of commodity purchases due to higher prices, higher transportation costs as well as higher fuel costs.
General and administration. General and administration expenses increased $5.5 million, or 9.5%, to $63.7 million in fiscal year 2005 from $58.2 million in fiscal year 2004. General and administration expenses as a percentage of revenues remained unchanged in fiscal year 2005 compared to fiscal year 2004. The dollar increase in general and administration expense was due to higher bonus accruals, communications and training costs as well as expenses related to compliance with the Sarbanes Oxley Act.
Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense increased $6.0 million, or 10.1% to $65.6 million in fiscal year 2005 from $59.6 million in fiscal year 2004. While depreciation expense increased by
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$1.2 million between periods, landfill amortization expense increased by $4.8 million which was primarily due to higher volumes, in part related to new disposal facilities which became active in the third and fourth quarters of fiscal year 2004. Depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of revenues remained unchanged in fiscal year 2005 compared to fiscal year 2004.
Impairment charge. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2004 we recorded an impairment charge of $1.7 million consisting of a $0.4 million write-down of our investment in Resource Optimization Technology (“ROT”), a compost facility, which we transferred at no cost to a third party in February 2005; a charge of $0.9 million relating to the sale of buildings and land at our former recycling facility in Mechanics Falls, Maine; and a charge of $0.4 million related to the discontinuation of an effort to develop a new landfill project in Rockingham, VT.
Deferred costs. A charge of $0.3 million was recorded in fiscal 2005 to reflect the write-off of deferred development costs associated with unsuccessful negotiations to operate and develop a landfill located in McKean County, Pennsylvania.
Operating income. Operating income increased $8.7 million, or 26.6 %, to $41.4 million in fiscal year 2005 from $32.7 million in fiscal year 2004 and increased as a percentage of revenues to 8.6% in fiscal year 2005 from 7.5% in fiscal year 2004. The increase in operating income is primarily due to higher levels of revenue.
Interest expense, net. Net interest expense increased $4.2 million, or 16.7%, to $29.4 million in fiscal year 2005, from $25.2 million in fiscal year 2004. This increase is mainly attributable to higher average debt balances due to higher capital expenditures and payments on landfill operating lease contracts as well as higher average interest rates in fiscal year 2005 compared to the prior year. Net interest expense, as a percentage of revenues, increased to 6.1% for fiscal year 2005 from 5.8% for fiscal year 2004.
Income from equity method investments. Income from equity method investments for fiscal years ended April 30, 2005 and 2004 was solely from our 50% joint venture interest in GreenFiber. Equity income from GreenFiber increased $0.6 million to $2.9 million in fiscal year 2005 compared to $2.3 million in fiscal year 2004. The increase is attributable to higher volume as well as increased pricing.
Loss on debt extinguishment. In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2005 we entered into a new senior secured credit facility resulting in the write off of $1.7 million in debt financing costs associated with the old senior secured credit facility.
Other (income)/expense, net. Other expense in fiscal year 2005 was $0.3 million compared to $5.9 million in fiscal year 2004. Other expense in fiscal year 2005 consisted of the costs of winding down the operations of the New Heights power plant and a loss on retirement of fixed assets, partially offset by gains on the sale of equipment and a dividend from our investment in Evergreen National Indemnity Company. Other expense in fiscal year 2004 included an $8.0 million charge for the write-down of our investment in the New Heights power plant venture and our remaining investment in certain tire recycling operations and the power plant venture. Offsetting this charge, we recognized a gain of $1.1 million on the completion of our sale of its export recyclables business and other gains, primarily on the sale of trucks and containers, of $0.5 million.
Provision/(benefit) for income taxes. Provision for income taxes increased $7.3 million for fiscal year 2005 to $5.7 million from $(1.6) million for fiscal year 2004. The effective tax rate increased to 44.3% for fiscal year 2005 from (43.0)% for fiscal year 2004 primarily due to a prior year decrease in the valuation allowance for loss carryforwards as utilization of the Company’s tax losses became more certain.
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle.  Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle increased $1.8 million, or 33.3%, to $7.2 million in fiscal year 2005 from $5.4 million in fiscal year 2004 and increased as a percentage of revenue to 1.5% in fiscal year 2005 from 1.2% in fiscal year 2004. The increase in income from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle is due to increased operating income, partially offset by increased interest expense and higher tax
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expense due to a higher effective tax rate.
Income (loss) from discontinued operations/Loss on disposal of discontinued operations. During the second quarter of fiscal 2005, we completed the sale of the assets of Data Destruction for cash sale proceeds of $3.0 million. This shredding operation had been historically accounted for as a component of continuing operations up until its sale. The transaction required discontinued operations treatment under SFAS No. 144,  Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, therefore the operating results of Data Destruction have been reclassified from continuing to discontinued operations in fiscal 2005 and 2004. Also in connection with the discontinued accounting treatment, the loss (net of tax) from the sale amounting to $0.1 million has been recorded and classified as a loss on disposal of discontinued operations.
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, net. Effective May 1, 2003, we adopted SFAS No. 143, Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations.  The primary modification to our methodology required by SFAS No. 143 is to require that capping, closure and post-closure costs be discounted to present value. Upon adoption of SFAS No. 143 we recorded a cumulative effect of change in accounting principle of $2.7 million (net of taxes of $1.9 million) in order to reflect the cumulative change in accounting for landfill obligations retroactive to the date of the inception of the landfill.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our business is capital intensive. Our capital requirements include acquisitions, fixed asset purchases and capital expenditures for landfill development and cell construction, as well as site and cell closure. Our capital expenditures are broadly defined as pertaining to either growth or maintenance activities. Growth capital expenditures are defined as costs related to development of new airspace, permit expansions, new recycling contracts along with incremental costs of equipment and infrastructure added to further such activities. Growth capital expenditures include the cost of equipment added directly as a result of new business as well as expenditures associated with increasing infrastructure to increase throughput at transfer stations and recycling facilities. Growth capital expenditures also include those outlays associated with acquiring landfill operating leases, which do not meet the operating lease payment definition, but which were included as a commitment in the successful bid. Maintenance capital expenditures are defined as landfill cell construction costs not related to expansion airspace, costs for normal permit renewals and replacement costs for equipment due to age or obsolescence.
Our capital expenditures were $114.0 million in fiscal year 2006 compared to $80.1 million in fiscal year 2005. Growth capital expenditures were $47.5 and $24.8 million in fiscal years 2006 and 2005 respectively, and maintenance capital expenditures were $66.5 and $55.3 million in fiscal years 2006 and 2005 respectively. Capital spending was higher in fiscal year 2006 mainly due to capital expenditures related to newly acquired landfill operating contracts and existing landfills as well as upgrades to equipment at various recycling facilities. We expect capital spending to amount to between $108.0 million and $112.0 million in fiscal year 2007. The continued high level of capital expenditures is mainly due to growth capital expenditures at the landfills as well as completion of recycling facility upgrades.
We had a net working capital deficit of $23.2 million at April 30, 2006 compared to a net working capital deficit of $31.9 million at April 30, 2005. Working capital, net comprises current assets, excluding cash and cash equivalents, minus current liabilities. The main factors accounting for the increase were deferred taxes and higher trade receivables associated with higher revenue as well as lower payroll accruals associated with lower management bonus accruals. This was partially offset by higher accrued interest related to higher borrowings on our credit facility as well as higher interest rates. Also offsetting the increase in working capital were higher accruals at April 30, 2006 primarily associated with higher self insurance reserves.
On April 29, 2005, we entered into a new senior credit facility with a group of banks for which Bank of America is acting as agent. The credit facility consists of a senior secured revolving credit facility in the amount of $350.0 million. Under certain circumstances we have the option of increasing the credit facility by an additional $100.0 million provided that we are not in default at the time of the increase, and subject to the receipt of
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commitments from lenders for such additional amount. This credit facility is secured by all of our assets, including our interest in the equity securities of our subsidiaries. The credit facility matures April 2010. The initial borrowings under the credit facility were used to repay all outstanding indebtedness under the former term loan and revolver. Further advances were available under the credit facility in the amount of $140.4 million and $65.4 million as of April 30, 2005 and 2006, respectively. These available amounts are net of outstanding irrevocable letters of credit totaling $32.3 million and $57.7 as of April 30, 2005 and 2006. The availability was reduced in fiscal year 2006 from the prior year due to higher capital expenditures and the issuance of a $25.0 million letter of credit associated with the revenue bond discussed below. As of April 30, 2005 and 2006 no amounts had been drawn under the outstanding letters of credit.
The credit facility agreement contains covenants that may limit our activities, including covenants that restrict dividends on common stock, limit capital expenditures, and set minimum net worth and interest coverage and leverage ratios. As of April 30, 2006, we were in compliance with all covenants. We completed an amendment to the credit facility agreement on June 2, 2006. This amended the capital expenditure covenant effective April 30, 2006 and other covenants effective July 31, 2006. See Note 10 to the financial statements for further disclosure regarding the amendment to the credit facility agreement.
In fiscal year 2005, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.7 million as a result of the write-off of deferred financing costs associated with the old senior secured credit facility.
We have historically entered into interest rate swap agreements to balance fixed and floating rate debt interest risk in accordance with management’s criteria. The agreements are contracts to exchange fixed and floating interest rate payments periodically over a specified term without the exchange of the underlying notional amounts. The agreements provide only for the exchange of interest on the notional amounts at the stated rates, with no multipliers or leverage. Differences paid or received over the life of the agreements are recorded in the consolidated financial statements as additions to or reductions of interest expense on the underlying debt. We terminated two interest rate swap agreements effective April 28, 2005 concurrent with entering into the new credit facility. We received net proceeds of $0.4 million which were amortized against interest expense over the original term of the swap contracts, to February 2006.
On May 9, 2005, we entered into three separate interest rate swap agreements with three banks for a notional amount of $75.0 million. The contracts are forward starting contracts that effectively fixed the interest index rate on the entire notional amount at 4.4% from May 4, 2006 through May 5, 2008.
As of April 30, 2006, we had outstanding $195.0 million of 9.75% senior subordinated notes (the ‘‘notes’’) which mature in January 2013. The senior subordinated note indenture contains covenants that restrict dividends, stock repurchases and other payments, and limits the incurrence of debt and issuance of preferred stock. The notes are guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally by our significant wholly-owned subsidiaries.
On December 28, 2005, we completed a $25.0 million financing transaction involving the issuance by the Finance Authority of Maine (the “Authority”) of $25.0 million aggregate principal amount of its Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds (Casella Waste Systems, Inc. Project) Series 2005 (the “Bonds”). The Bonds are issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of December 1, 2005 (the “Indenture”) and are enhanced by an irrevocable, transferable direct-pay letter of credit issued by Bank of America, N.A. Pursuant to a Financing Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2005, by and between us and the Authority, we have borrowed the proceeds of the Bonds to pay for certain costs relating to (1) landfill development and construction, vehicle, container and related equipment acquisition for solid waste collection and transportation services, improvements to existing solid waste disposal, hauling, transfer station and other facilities, other infrastructure improvements, and machinery and equipment for solid waste disposal operations owned and operated by us, or a related party, all located in Maine; and (2) the issuance of the Bonds. At April 30, 2006, remaining issuance proceeds of $5.5 million were recorded as restricted cash to be used to pay for the capital expenditures in Maine as they are incurred.
Net cash provided by operating activities in fiscal years ended April 30, 2006 and 2005 amounted to $75.1 million and $83.0 million, respectively. Factors positively impacting the comparison to net cash provided by
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operating activities for fiscal year 2006 against the prior year included higher income from equity method investments, coupled with a distribution payment received from Green Fiber in fiscal 2005 amounting to $2.0 million, which was not repeated in fiscal year 2006, a decrease in landfill amortization of $3.7 million which was primarily associated with the Brockton project reaching completion, and changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures which decreased $5.2 million from the prior year. The increase in accounts receivable at April 30, 2006, which is associated with higher revenues, resulted in a $6.4 million reduction compared with a decrease of $2.5 million in fiscal year 2005. The decrease in accounts payable in fiscal year 2006 resulted in a $1.5 million decrease compared to an increase of $6.1 million in fiscal year 2005. This is due primarily to higher trade accounts payable at April 30, 2005 associated with the timing of various capital improvement expenditures. Changes in other assets and liabilities increased $5.6 million from the prior year due primarily to the following: (1) higher interest accruals in the current fiscal year amounting to a $3.0 million which increase is related to higher borrowings and higher interest rates, (2) higher capping, closure and post-closure accruals amounting to $4.8 million, attributable to lower cash payments in fiscal year 2006 and (3) higher self insurance reserves and other accruals amounting to $3.9 million. These increases were offset by reductions in accrued payroll and related expenses amounting to $5.1 million in the fiscal year 2006 compared to fiscal year 2005 as well as higher prepaid and other current assets amounting to $1.1 million in fiscal year 2006 compared to fiscal year 2005.
Net cash used in investing activities in fiscal year 2006 and fiscal year 2005 amounted to $150.2 million and $103.8 million, respectively. The increase in cash used in investing activities was due to a $33.9 million increase in capital expenditures as well as higher acquisition activity amounting to an increase of $10.2 million in the current fiscal year, offset by a decrease in payments on landfill operating lease contracts of $9.7 million in fiscal year 2006.  Also contributing to the increase in cash used in investing activities were revenue bond issuance proceeds restricted for specific capital expenditures amounting to $5.5 million at April 30, 2006.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $74.0 million in fiscal year 2006 compared to $21.3 million in fiscal year 2005. The increase in cash provided by financing activities is primarily due to higher net borrowings, including the revenue bond financing described above. Higher net borrowings in fiscal year 2006 were used to fund capital expenditure and acquisition activity.
In fiscal year 2006, we acquired fifteen solid waste hauling, disposal and recycling operations for an aggregate consideration of $26.1 million, consisting of $19.7 million in cash and $0.8 million in notes payable and $5.6 in other liabilities assumed. We also obtained a landfill operating lease contract in fiscal year 2006 for the Chemung County landfill which also includes a transfer station and recycling facility. In fiscal year 2005, we acquired ten solid waste hauling and disposal operations for an aggregate consideration of $10.4 million, consisting of $9.5 million in cash and $0.9 million in other liabilities assumed. For the landfill operating lease contracts, we made payments totaling $10.5 million and $20.3 million in fiscal years 2006 and 2005, respectively.
We generally meet liquidity needs from operating cash flow. These liquidity needs are primarily for capital expenditures for landfill development, vehicles and containers, debt service costs and capping, closure and post-closure expenditures. It is our intention to continue to grow organically and through acquisitions. The funds to do so are expected to be obtained from operations and our credit facility which has an accordion feature for an additional $100.0 million in credit availability. At April 30, 2006 at our existing covenant requirements, as amended June 2, 2006, all of the funds available under that facility could have been drawn without breaching those covenants.
We will be required to redeem our outstanding Series A redeemable preferred stock on August 11, 2007, if it is not otherwise repurchased by the us prior to that time. The aggregate redemption price is expected to be approximately $75.1 million. We would need to incur more debt or raise equity to effect this redemption.
We have filed a universal shelf registration statement with the SEC. We could from time to time issue securities thereunder in an amount of up to $250.0 million. However, our ability and willingness to issue securities pursuant to this registration statement will depend on market conditions at the time of any such desired offering and therefore we may not be able to issue such securities on favorable terms, if at all.
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Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commitments as of April 30, 2006 (in thousands) and the anticipated effect of these obligations on our liquidity in future years:
 
 	 	Fiscal Year(s) Ending April 30,	 	
 	 	2007	 	2008-2009	 	2010-2011	 	Thereafter	 	Total	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Long-term debt	 	$	527	 	$	538	 	$	227,258	 	$	220,000	 	$	448,323	 	
Capital lease obligations	 	1,061	 	1,533	 	214	 	—	 	2,808	 	
Interest obligations (1)	 	37,407	 	74,583	 	55,438	 	52,536	 	219,964	 	
Operating leases (2)	 	11,044	 	19,805	 	13,204	 	142,182	 	186,235	 	
Closure/post-closure	 	4,157	 	9,380	 	10,760	 	160,831	 	185,128	 	
Redeemable preferred securities (3)	 	—	 	75,057	 	—	 	—	 	75,057	 	
Total contractual cash obligations (4)	 	$	54,196	 	$	180,896	 	$	306,874	 	$	575,549	 	$	1,117,515	 	

(1)           Interest obligations based on long-term debt and capital lease balances as of April 30, 2006. Interest obligations related to variable rate debt were calculated using variable rates in effect at April 30, 2006.
(2)           Includes obligations related to landfill operating lease contracts.
(3)           Assumes redemption on the seventh anniversary of the closing date at the book value which includes all accrued and unpaid dividends.
(4)           Contractual cash obligations do not include accounts payable or accrued liabilities, which will be paid in fiscal year 2006.
We believe that our cash provided internally from operations together with our senior secured credit facility, including the accordion feature for an additional $100.0 million, should enable us to meet our working capital and other cash needs for the foreseeable future.
Inflation and Prevailing Economic Conditions
To date, inflation has not had a significant impact on our operations. Consistent with industry practice, most of our contracts provide for a pass-through of certain costs, including increases in landfill tipping fees and, in some cases, fuel costs. We have implemented a fuel surcharge program, which is designed to recover fuel price fluctuations. We therefore believe we should be able to implement price increases sufficient to offset most cost increases resulting from inflation. However, competitive factors may require us to absorb at least a portion of these cost increases, particularly during periods of high inflation.
Our business is located mainly in the eastern United States. Therefore, our business, financial condition and results of operations are susceptible to downturns in the general economy in this geographic region and other factors affecting the region, such as state regulations and severe weather conditions. We are unable to forecast or determine the timing and/or the future impact of a sustained economic slowdown.
New Accounting Standards
Effective May 1, 2003, we adopted SFAS No. 143, Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations. Through April 30, 2003 we recognized expenses associated with (i) amortization of capitalized and future landfill asset costs and (ii) future closure and post-closure obligations on a units-of-consumption basis as airspace was consumed over the life of the related landfill. This practice, referred to as life-cycle accounting within the waste industry, continues to be followed, with the exception of future landfill capping costs. As a result of the adoption of SFAS No. 143, future capping costs are identified by specific capping event and amortized over the specific estimated capacity
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related to that event rather than over the life of the entire landfill, as was the practice prior to our adoption of SFAS No. 143.
Upon adoption, SFAS No. 143 required a cumulative change in accounting for landfill obligations retroactive to the date of the inception of the landfill. Inception of the asset retirement obligation is the date operations commenced or the date the asset was acquired. To do this, SFAS No. 143 required the creation of the related landfill asset, net of accumulated amortization and an adjustment to the capping, closure and post-closure liability for cumulative accretion. At May 1, 2003, we recorded a cumulative effect of change in accounting principle of $2.7 million (net of taxes of $1.9 million).
In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123R. SFAS No. 123R replaces SFAS No. 123 and supersedes APB Opinion No. 25 and requires public companies to recognize compensation expense for the cost of awards of equity instruments. This compensation cost will be measured as the fair value of the award on the grant date estimated using an option-pricing model. SFAS No. 123R will become effective at the beginning of the first fiscal year after June 15, 2005. We are evaluating the various transition provisions under SFAS No. 123R and will adopt SFAS No. 123R effective May 1, 2006, which is expected to result in increased compensation expense in future periods.
In April 2005, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 47, Accounting for Conditional Asset Retirement Obligations — an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 143.  (FIN No. 47). FIN No. 47 expands on the accounting guidance of SFAS No. 143,  Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations  (SFAS No. 143), providing clarification of the term, conditional asset retirement obligation, and guidelines for the timing of recording the obligation. We adopted SFAS No. 143 effective May 1, 2003. The interpretation is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2005. The adoption of FIN No. 47 did not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
In May 2005, the FASB issued SFAS No. 154, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (SFAS No. 154) which replaces APB Opinion No. 20,  Accounting Changes  (APB No. 20) ,  and SFAS No. 3,  Reporting Accounting Changes in Interim Financial Statements — An Amendment of APB Opinion No. 28 . SFAS No. 154 provides guidance on the accounting for and reporting of accounting changes and error corrections. Specifically, this statement requires “retrospective application” of the direct effect for a voluntary change in accounting principle to prior periods’ financial statements, if it is practicable to do so. SFAS No. 154 also strictly redefines the term “restatement” to mean the correction of an error by revising previously issued financial statements. SFAS No. 154 replaces APB No. 20, which requires that most voluntary changes in accounting principle be recognized by including in net income of the period of the change the cumulative effect of changing to the new accounting principle. Unless adopted early, SFAS No. 154 is effective for accounting changes and corrections of errors made in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2005. We do not expect the adoption of SFAS No. 154 to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK
At April 30, 2006, our outstanding variable rate debt consisted of the $226.9 million senior secured revolving credit facility and $25.0 million of FAME Bonds. If interest rates on this variable rate debt increased or decreased by 100 basis points, our annual interest expense would increase or decrease by approximately $2.5 million. The remainder of our debt is at fixed rates and not subject to interest rate risk.
On May 9, 2005, we entered into three separate interest rate swap agreements with three banks for a notional amount of $75.0 million. The contracts are forward starting contracts that will effectively fix the interest index rate on the entire notional amount at 4.4% from May 4, 2006 through May 5, 2008. These agreements will be specifically designated to interest payments under the revolving credit facility and will be accounted for as effective cash flow hedges pursuant to SFAS No. 133.
We are subject to commodity price fluctuations related to the portion of our sales of recyclable commodities that are not under floor or flat pricing arrangements. As of April 30, 2006, to minimize our commodity exposure, we were party to thirty-six commodity hedging agreements. We do not use financial instruments for trading purposes and are not a party to any leveraged derivatives. If commodity prices were to change by 10%, the impact on our operating income is estimated at $4.6 million as of April 30, 2006, without considering our hedging agreements, which are solely for OCC and ONP, but considering our revenue share contracts. The use of the Company’s hedge instruments would reduce the impact by approximately $0.8 million.
53

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders
of Casella Waste Systems, Inc.:
We have completed integrated audits of Casella Waste System, Inc.’s 2006 and 2005 consolidated financial statements and of its internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2006, and an audit of its 2004 consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Our opinions, based on our audits, are presented below.
Consolidated financial statements
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the index appearing under 15(a)(1) present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and its subsidiaries at April 30, 2006 and 2005, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended April 30, 2006 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit of financial statements includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, as of May 1, 2003, the Company changed its method of accounting for asset retirement obligations and reclassified its loss on extinguishment of debt.
Internal control over financial reporting
Also, in our opinion, management’s assessment, included in management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 8, that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2006 based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), is fairly stated, in all material respects, based on those criteria. Furthermore, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2006, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the COSO. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on management’s assessment and on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. An audit of internal control over financial reporting includes obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we consider necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those
54

policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
June 21, 2006
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2006. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on its assessment, management concluded that, as of April 30, 2006, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. The Company’s management assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2006 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, an independent registered accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.
55

CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands)
 	 	April 30,	 	April 30,	 	
ASSETS	 	2005	 	2006	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
CURRENT ASSETS:	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	8,578	 	$	7,429	 	
Restricted cash	 	70	 	72	 	
Accounts receivable — trade, net of allowance	 	 	 	 	 	
 for doubtful accounts of $707 and $661	 	51,726	 	56,269	 	
Notes receivable — officers/employees	 	88	 	87	 	
Refundable income taxes	 	874	 	—	 	
Prepaid expenses	 	4,371	 	5,126	 	
Inventory	 	2,538	 	2,975	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	—	 	5,034	 	
Other current assets	 	1,138	 	1,982	 	
Total current assets	 	69,383	 	78,974	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $324,903 and $388,808	 	412,753	 	481,284	 	
Goodwill	 	157,492	 	171,258	 	
Intangible assets, net	 	2,711	 	2,762	 	
Restricted cash	 	12,124	 	17,887	 	
Notes receivable — officers/employees	 	916	 	916	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	3,155	 	—	 	
Investments in unconsolidated entities	 	37,699	 	44,491	 	
Net assets under contractual obligation	 	1,392	 	937	 	
Other non-current assets	 	14,829	 	12,602	 	
 	 	643,071	 	732,137	 	
 	 	$	712,454	 	$	811,111	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
56

 
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued)
(in thousands, except for share and per share data)
 	 	April 30,	 	April 30,	 	
 	 	2005	 	2006	 	
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	 	 	 	 	 	
CURRENT LIABILITIES:	 	 	 	 	 	
Current maturities of long-term debt	 	$	281	 	$	527	 	
Current maturities of capital lease obligations	 	632	 	1,061	 	
Accounts payable	 	46,107	 	46,364	 	
Accrued payroll and related expenses	 	9,688	 	6,818	 	
Accrued interest	 	4,818	 	6,650	 	
Accrued income taxes	 	—	 	200	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	1,419	 	—	 	
Current accrued capping, closure and post-closure costs	 	5,290	 	4,771	 	
Other accrued liabilities	 	24,519	 	28,374	 	
Total current liabilities	 	92,754	 	94,765	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Long-term debt, less current maturities	 	378,436	 	452,720	 	
Capital lease obligations, less current maturities	 	1,475	 	1,747	 	
Accrued capping, closure and post-closure costs, less current portion	 	21,338	 	23,245	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	—	 	6,957	 	
Other long-term liabilities	 	11,705	 	11,757	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Series A redeemable, convertible preferred stock —
Authorized — 55,750 shares; issued and outstanding — 53,750
and 53,000 shares as of April 30, 2005 and April 30, 2006,
respectively, liquidation preference of $1,000 per share
plus accrued but unpaid dividends	 	67,964	 	70,430	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:	 	 	 	 	 	
Class A common stock—
Authorized — 100,000,000 shares, $0.01 par value; issued
and outstanding — 23,860,000 and 24,185,000 shares
as of April 30, 2005 and April 30, 2006, respectively 	 	239 	 	242 	 	
Class B common stock —
Authorized — 1,000,000 shares, $0.01 par value; 10 votes per
share, issued and outstanding — 988,000 shares	 	10	 	10	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive income	 	767	 	159	 	
Additional paid-in capital	 	274,088	 	274,297	 	
Accumulated deficit	 	(136,322	)	(125,218	)	
Total stockholders’ equity	 	138,782	 	149,490	 	
 	 	$	712,454	 	$	811,111	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
57

CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands)
 
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenues	 	$	437,961	 	$	481,964	 	$	525,928	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of operations	 	285,828	 	310,921	 	348,520	 	
General and administration	 	58,167	 	63,678	 	69,144	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	59,596	 	65,637	 	64,589	 	
Impairment charge	 	1,663	 	—	 	—	 	
Deferred costs	 	—	 	295	 	1,329	 	
 	 	405,254	 	440,531	 	483,582	 	
Operating income	 	32,707	 	41,433	 	42,346	 	
Other expense/(income), net:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	 	(251	)	(453	)	(928	)	
Interest expense	 	25,500	 	29,844	 	32,942	 	
Income from equity method investments	 	(2,261	)	(2,883	)	(5,742	)	
Loss on debt extinguishment	 	—	 	1,716	 	—	 	
Other (income)/expense	 	5,949	 	273	 	(1,985	)	
Other expense, net	 	28,937	 	28,497	 	24,287	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income from continuing operations before income taxes, discontinued  operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	 	3,770	 	12,936	 	18,059	 	
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	 	(1,622	)	5,725	 	6,955	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	 	5,392	 	7,211	 	11,104	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Discontinued Operations:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) from discontinued operations (net of income tax (provision) benefit of $2 and ($96))	 	(10	)	140	 	—	 	
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations (net of income tax provision of ($692))	 	—	 	(82	)	—	 	
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle (net of income  tax provision of ($1,856))	 	2,723	 	—	 	—	 	
Net income	 	8,105	 	7,269	 	11,104	 	
Preferred stock dividend	 	3,252	 	3,338	 	3,432	 	
Net income available to common stockholders	 	$	4,853	 	$	3,931	 	$	7,672	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
58

CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Continued)
(in thousands, except for per share data)
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Earnings Per Share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle available to common stockholders	 	$	0.09	 	$	0.15	 	$	0.31	 	
Income from discontinued operations, net	 	—	 	0.01	 	—	 	
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations, net	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Cummulative effect of change in accounting principle, net	 	0.11	 	—	 	—	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income per common share available to common stockholders	 	$	0.20	 	$	0.16	 	$	0.31	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	 	24,002	 	24,679	 	24,980	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Diluted:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle available to common stockholders	 	$	0.09	 	$	0.15	 	$	0.30	 	
Income from discontinued operations, net	 	—	 	0.01	 	—	 	
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations, net	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Cummulative effect of change in accounting principle, net	 	0.11	 	—	 	—	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income per common share available to common stockholders	 	$	0.20	 	$	0.16	 	$	0.30	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	 	24,445	 	25,193	 	25,368	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
59

CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands)
 	 	Stockholders’ Equity	 	
 	 	Class ACommon Stock	 	Class B Common Stock	 	
 	 	# of	 	Par	 	# of	 	Par	 	
 	 	Shares	 	Value	 	Shares	 	Value	 	
Balance, April 30, 2003	 	22,769	 	$	228	 	988	 	$	10	 	
Issuance of Class A common stock from the exercise of stock warrants, options and employee stock purchase plan	 	727	 	7	 	—	 	—	 	
Accrual of preferred stock dividend	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Net income	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps and commodity hedges, net of reclassification adjustments	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Total comprehensive income	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Other	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Balance, April 30, 2004	 	23,496	 	235	 	988	 	10	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of Class A common stock from the exercise of stock warrants, options and employee stock purchase plan	 	189	 	2	 	—	 	—	 	
Issuance of Class A common stock from the conversion of preferred stock	 	175	 	2	 	—	 	—	 	
Accrual of preferred stock dividend	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Net income	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps and commodity hedges, net of reclassification adjustments	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Total comprehensive income	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Other	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Balance, April 30, 2005	 	23,860	 	239	 	988	 	10	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of Class A common stock from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan	 	256	 	2	 	—	 	—	 	
Issuance of Class A common stock from the conversion of preferred stock	 	69	 	1	 	—	 	—	 	
Accrual of preferred stock dividend	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Net income	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps and commodity hedges, net of reclassification adjustments	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Total comprehensive income	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Other	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	
Balance, April 30, 2006	 	24,185	 	$	242	 	988	 	$	10	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
60

CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued)
(in thousands)
 	 	 	 	 	 	Accumulated	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Additional	 	 	 	Other	 	Total	 	Total	 	
 	 	Paid-In	 	(Accumulated	 	Comprehensive	 	Stockholders’	 	Comprehensive	 	
 	 	Capital	 	Deficit)	 	Income	 	Equity	 	Income	 	
Balance, April 30, 2003	 	$	270,068	 	$	(151,696	)	$	542	 	$	119,152	 	 	 	
Issuance of Class A common stock from the exercise of stock warrants, options and employee stock purchase plan	 	6,053	 	—	 	—	 	6,060	 	 	 	
Accrual of preferred stock dividend	 	(3,252	)	—	 	—	 	(3,252	)	 	 	
Net income	 	—	 	8,105	 	—	 	8,105	 	$	8,105	 	
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps and commodity hedges, net of reclassification adjustments	 	—	 	—	 	(134	)	(134	)	(134	)	
Total comprehensive income	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	$	7,971	 	
Other	 	124	 	—	 	—	 	124	 	 	 	
Balance, April 30, 2004	 	272,993	 	(143,591	)	408	 	130,055	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of Class A common stock from the exercise of stock warrants, options and employee stock purchase plan	 	1,992	 	—	 	—	 	1,994	 	 	 	
Issuance of Class A common stock from the conversion of preferred stock	 	2,448	 	—	 	—	 	2,450	 	 	 	
Accrual of preferred stock dividend	 	(3,338	)	—	 	—	 	(3,338	)	 	 	
Net income	 	—	 	7,269	 	—	 	7,269	 	$	7,269	 	
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps and commodity hedges, net of reclassification adjustments	 	—	 	—	 	359	 	359	 	359	 	
Total comprehensive income	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	$	7,628	 	
Other	 	(7	)	—	 	—	 	(7	)	 	 	
Balance, April 30, 2005	 	274,088	 	(136,322	)	767	 	138,782	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of Class A common stock from the exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan	 	2,675	 	—	 	—	 	2,677	 	 	 	
Issuance of Class A common stock from the conversion of preferred stock	 	965	 	—	 	—	 	966	 	 	 	
Accrual of preferred stock dividend	 	(3,432	)	—	 	—	 	(3,432	)	 	 	
Net income	 	—	 	11,104	 	—	 	11,104	 	$	11,104	 	
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps and commodity hedges, net of reclassification adjustments	 	—	 	—	 	(608	)	(608	)	(608	)	
Total comprehensive income	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	$	10,496	 	
Other	 	1	 	—	 	—	 	1	 	 	 	
Balance, April 30, 2006	 	$	274,297	 	$	(125,218	)	$	159	 	$	149,490	 	 	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
61

 CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income	 	$	8,105	 	$	7,269	 	$	11,104	 	
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities —	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	59,596	 	65,637	 	64,589	 	
Depletion of landfill operating lease obligations	 	1,248	 	4,785	 	6,284	 	
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations, net	 	—	 	82	 	—	 	
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, net	 	(2,723	)	—	 	—	 	
Income from equity method investments	 	(2,261	)	(2,883	)	(5,742	)	
Dividend from equity method investment	 	—	 	2,000	 	—	 	
Impairment charge	 	1,663	 	—	 	—	 	
Deferred costs	 	—	 	295	 	1,329	 	
Loss on debt extinguishment	 	—	 	1,716	 	—	 	
Loss from asset write down	 	8,018	 	—	 	—	 	
Gain (loss) on sale of equipment	 	(308	)	372	 	(105	)	
Gain on sale of assets	 	(1,144	)	—	 	—	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	(2,005	)	5,132	 	4,984	 	
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures —	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts receivable	 	(5,859	)	(2,456	)	(6,435	)	
Accounts payable	 	8,065	 	6,073	 	(1,514	)	
Other assets and liabilities	 	(2,497	)	(4,988	)	570	 	
 	 	61,793	 	75,765	 	63,960	 	
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities	 	69,898	 	83,034	 	75,064	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	 	(31,947	)	(9,513	)	(19,691	)	
Additions to property, plant and equipment — growth	 	(10,271	)	(24,723	)	(47,474	)	
                                                                      — maintenance	 	(48,064	)	(55,341	)	(66,537	)	
Payments on landfill operating lease contracts	 	(32,223	)	(20,276	)	(10,539	)	
Proceeds from divestitures	 	4,984	 	3,050	 	—	 	
Proceeds from sale of equipment	 	506	 	2,292	 	1,678	 	
Restricted cash from revenue bond issuance	 	—	 	—	 	(5,469	)	
Investment in unconsolidated entities	 	(7,332	)	—	 	(3,047	)	
Proceeds from assets under contractual obligation	 	689	 	756	 	861	 	
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities	 	(123,658	)	(103,755	)	(150,218	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from long-term borrowings	 	195,303	 	318,900	 	208,997	 	
Principal payments on long-term debt	 	(150,562	)	(296,210	)	(136,424	)	
Deferred financing costs	 	(2,632	)	(3,051	)	(768	)	
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	 	4,006	 	1,653	 	2,200	 	
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities	 	46,115	 	21,292	 	74,005	 	
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	 	(7,645	)	571	 	(1,149	)	
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	 	15,652	 	8,007	 	8,578	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	 	$	8,007	 	$	8,578	 	$	7,429	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)
(in thousands)
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash paid during the period for —	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest	 	$	23,313	 	$	29,426	 	$	30,291	 	
Income taxes, net of refunds	 	$	349	 	$	1,103	 	$	1,286	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Supplemental Disclosures of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Summary of entities acquired in purchase business combinations —	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fair value of net assets acquired	 	$	45,925	 	$	10,398	 	$	26,077	 	
Cash paid, net	 	(31,947	)	(9,513	)	(19,691	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Notes payable, liabilities assumed and holdbacks to sellers	 	$	13,978	 	$	885	 	$	6,386	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO AUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except for per share data)
1.             ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. (“the Company” or “the Parent”) together with its subsidiaries is a regional, integrated solid waste services company that provides collection, transfer, disposal and recycling services, primarily in the eastern United States. The Company markets recyclable metals, aluminum, plastics, paper and corrugated cardboard which have been processed at its facilities as well as recyclables purchased from third parties. The Company also generates and sells electricity under a long-term contract at a waste-to-energy facility, Maine Energy Recovery Company LP (“Maine Energy”) (see Note 11).
A summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies follows:
(a)           Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries and complies with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Interpretation No. 46 (revised December 2003) (FIN 46). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
(b)           Use of Estimates and Assumptions
The Company’s preparation of its financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of the contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. The estimates and assumptions will also affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Summarized below are the estimates and assumptions that the Company considers to be significant in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements.
Landfill Accounting-Capitalized Costs and Amortization
Capitalized landfill costs include expenditures for land and related airspace, permitting costs and preparation costs. Landfill permitting and preparation costs represent only direct costs related to these activities, including legal, engineering and construction. Landfill preparation costs include the costs of construction associated with excavation, liners, site berms and the installation of leak detection and leachate collection systems. Interest is capitalized on landfill construction projects while the assets are undergoing activities to ready them for their intended use. The interest capitalization rate is based on the Company’s weighted average cost of indebtedness. Interest capitalized for the years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 was $356, $492 and $1,239, respectively.
Under life-cycle accounting, all costs related to acquisition and construction of landfill sites are capitalized and charged to income based on tonnage placed into each site. In determining the amortization rate for these landfills, preparation costs include the total estimated costs to complete construction of the landfills’ permitted and permittable capacity. To be considered permittable, airspace must meet all of the following criteria:
·              the Company controls the land on which the expansion is sought;
·              all technical siting criteria have been met or a variance has been obtained or is reasonably expected to be obtained;
·              the Company has not identified any legal or political impediments which the Company believes will not be resolved in our favor;
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·              the Company is actively working on obtaining any necessary permits and we expect that all required permits will be received; and
·              senior management has approved the project.
Units-of-consumption amortization rates are determined annually for each of the Company’s operating landfills, and such rates are based on estimates provided by its engineers and accounting personnel and consider the information provided by surveys, which are performed at least annually.
The Company routinely reviews its investment in operating landfills, transfer stations and other significant facilities to determine whether the carrying value of these investments is realizable. The Company’s judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on regulatory factors, market conditions and operational performance of its landfills.
Landfill Accounting-Landfill Operating Lease Contracts
The Company entered into three landfill operation and management agreements in fiscal 2004 and one landfill operation and management agreement in fiscal 2006. These agreements are long-term landfill operating contracts with government bodies whereby the Company receives tipping revenue, pays normal operating expenses and assumes future capping, closure and post-closure liabilities. The government body retains ownership of the landfill. There is no bargain purchase option and title to the property does not pass to the Company at the end of the lease term. The Company allocates the consideration paid to the landfill airspace rights and underlying land lease based on the relative fair values.
In addition to up-front or one-time payments, the landfill operating agreements require the Company to make future minimum rental payments, including success/expansion fees, other direct costs and capping, closure, and post closure costs. The value of all future minimum lease payments are amortized and charged to cost of operations over the life of the contract. The Company amortizes the consideration allocated to airspace rights as airspace is utilized on a units-of-consumption basis and such amortization is charged to cost of operations as airspace is consumed i.e. as tons are placed into the landfill. The underlying value of the land lease is amortized to cost of operations on a straight-line basis over the estimated life of the operating agreement.
Landfill Accounting-Accrued Capping, Closure and Post-Closure Costs
Capping includes installation of liners, drainage, compacted soil layers and topsoil over areas of a landfill where total airspace has been consumed and waste is no longer being received. Capping activities occur throughout the life of the landfill. Our engineering personnel estimate the cost for each capping event based on the acreage to be capped and the capping materials and activities required. The estimates also consider when these costs would actually be paid and factor in inflation and discount rates. The engineers then quantify the landfill capacity associated with each capping event and the costs for each event are amortized over that capacity as waste is received at the landfill.
Closure and post-closure costs represent future estimated costs related to monitoring and maintenance of a solid waste landfill, after a landfill facility ceases to accept waste and closes. We estimate, based on input from our engineers, accounting personnel and consultants, our future cost requirements for closure and post-closure monitoring and maintenance based on our interpretation of the technical standards of the Subtitle D regulations and the air emissions standards under the Clean Air Act as they are being applied on a state-by-state basis. Closure and post-closure accruals for the cost of monitoring and maintenance include site inspection, groundwater monitoring, leachate management, methane gas control and recovery, and operation and maintenance costs to be incurred for a period which is generally for a term of 30 years after final closure of a landfill. In determining estimated future capping, closure and post-closure costs, we consider costs associated with permitted and permittable airspace.
Our estimates of costs to discharge capping, closure and post-closure asset retirement obligations for landfills are developed in today’s dollars. These costs are then inflated to the period of performance using an estimate of
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inflation which is updated annually (2.6% and 2.7% was used for fiscal years 2005 and 2006, respectively). Capping, closure and post-closure liabilities are discounted using the credit adjusted risk-free rate in effect at the time the obligation is incurred (7.6% to 9.5%). Accretion expense is necessary to increase the accrued capping, closure and post-closure liabilities to the future anticipated obligation. To accomplish this, the Company accretes its capping, closure and post-closure accrual balances using the same credit-adjusted, risk-free rate that was used to calculate the recorded liability. Accretion expense on recorded landfill liabilities is recorded to cost of operations from the time the liability is recognized until the costs are paid. Accretion expense amounted to $1,870, $2,201 and $2,224 in fiscal years 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
The Company provides for the accrual and amortization of estimated future obligations for closure and post-closure based on tonnage placed into each site. With regards to capping, the liability is recognized and these costs are amortized based on the airspace related to the specific capping event.
Recovery of Long-Lived Assets
In accordance with SFAS No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, the Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the remaining estimated useful life of such assets might warrant revision or that the balances may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recorded if the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds their fair value. Fair value is usually determined based on the present value of estimated expected future cash flows using a discount rate commensurate with the risks involved.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The Company estimates the allowance for bad debts based on historical collection experience, current trends, credit policy and a review of accounts receivable by aging category.
Self Insurance Reserves
The Company is self insured for vehicles and worker’s compensation. Our maximum exposure in fiscal 2006 under the worker’s compensation plan is $1,000, after which reinsurance takes effect. Our maximum exposure under the automobile plan is $750, after which reinsurance takes effect. The liability for unpaid claims and associated expenses, including incurred but not reported losses, is determined by management with the assistance of a third party actuary and reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as an accrued liability. The Company uses a third party to track and evaluate actual claims experience for consistency with the data used in the annual actuarial valuation. The actuarially determined liability is calculated in part by reference to past claims experience, which considers both the frequency and settlement amount of claims. The Company’s self insurance reserves totaled $11,506 and $13,699 at April 30, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
Income Taxes
The Company uses estimates to determine its provision for income taxes and related assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against its net deferred tax assets. Valuation allowances have been established for the possibility that tax benefits may not be realized for certain deferred tax assets.
(c)           Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes collection, transfer, recycling and disposal revenues as the services are provided. Certain customers are billed in advance and, accordingly, recognition of the related revenues is deferred until the services are provided.
Revenues from the sale of electricity to local utilities by the Company’s waste-to-energy facility (see Note 11) are recorded at the contract rate specified by its power purchase agreement as the electricity is delivered.
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Revenues from the sale of recycled materials are recognized upon shipment. Rebates to certain municipalities based on sales of recyclable materials are recorded upon the sale of such recyclables to third parties and are included as a reduction of revenues. Revenues for processing of recyclable materials are recognized when the related service is provided. Revenues from brokerage of recycled materials are recognized at the time of shipment.
(d)                            Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, investments in closure trust funds, trade payables and debt instruments. The carrying values of these financial instruments approximate their respective fair values. See Note 10 for the terms and carrying values of the Company’s various debt instruments.
(e)                                   Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
(f)                                     Inventory
Inventory includes secondary fibers, recyclables ready for sale and supplies and is stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or market. Inventory consisted of finished goods and supplies of approximately $2,538 and $2,975 at April 30, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
(g)                                  Investments
In accordance with SFAS No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, the Company classifies its investment in equity securities as “available for sale.” Accordingly, the carrying value of the securities is adjusted to fair value through other comprehensive income.
For the period ending April 30, 2004, the Company wrote down to fair value certain equity security investments. The write down amounted to $20 and was due to declines in the fair value which, in the opinion of management, was considered to be other than temporary. The write down is included in other (income) / expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
(h)                                  Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company provides for depreciation and amortization using the straight-line method by charges to operations in amounts that allocate the cost of the assets over their estimated useful lives as follows (See Note 5):
Asset Classification      	 	Estimated
Useful Life	
Buildings and improvements	 	10-35 years	
Machinery and equipment	 	2-15 years	
Rolling stock	 	1-12 years	
Containers	 	2-12 years	
 
The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to operations as incurred.
(i)                                      Intangible Assets
Covenants not to compete and customer lists are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, typically no more than 10 years (See Note 6).
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Under SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives will no longer be amortized but will be subject to annual impairment tests at each fiscal year end. We evaluate goodwill for impairment based on fair value of each operating segment. We estimate fair value based on net future cash flows discounted using an estimated weighted average cost of capital. We recognize an impairment if the net book value exceeds the fair value of the discounted future cash flows. Other intangible assets will continue to be amortized over their useful lives.
(j)            Investments in Unconsolidated Entities
The Company entered into an agreement in July 2000 with Louisiana-Pacific to combine their respective cellulose insulation businesses into a single operating entity, US GreenFiber LLC (“GreenFiber”) under a joint venture agreement effective August 1, 2000. The Company’s investment in GreenFiber amounted to $27,040 and $30,899 at April 30, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The Company accounts for its 50% ownership in GreenFiber under the equity method of accounting. GreenFiber is deemed to be a significant subsidiary in accordance with Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X. Therefore, separate financial statements of GreenFiber are included as an exhibit to this Form 10-K.
In January 2006, the Company acquired a 20.0% interest in RecycleBank, LLC (“RecycleBank”) for total consideration of $3,000. The Company’s investment in RecycleBank amounted to $2,932 at April 30, 2006. The Company accounts for its investment in RecycleBank under the equity method of accounting.
Aggregated summarized financial information for the Company’s equity method investments is as follows:
 	 	April 30,
2005	 	April 30,
2006	 	
Current assets	 	$	25,335	 	$	31,592	 	
Noncurrent assets	 	$	41,084	 	$	72,021	 	
Current liabilities	 	$	11,184	 	$	23,662	 	
Noncurrent liabilities	 	$	997	 	$	13,296	 	
 
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Revenue	 	$	116,057	 	$	136,409	 	$	178,836	 	
Gross profit	 	$	25,421	 	$	28,218	 	$	41,837	 	
Net income	 	$	4,523	 	$	5,568	 	$	10,455	 	
 
A portion of the Company’s 50% interest in its New Heights joint venture was sold in September 2001 for consideration of $250. As a result of this sale, the Company retained an interest of 9.95% in the tire assets of New Heights, as well as all of its financial obligations related solely to the New Heights power plant. The Company’s investment in the power plant assets of New Heights amounted to $2,586 at April 30, 2003, and increased to $4,938 during fiscal 2004. On April 29, 2004 New Heights filed a petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy code. New Heights took this action to reorganize its debts pending the outcome of an appeal filed with the Illinois Supreme Court for reconsideration of the previously announced Appellate Court decision which ruled against New Heights in its claim to receive a retail payment rate for electricity generated at the facility, or to liquidate in the event the Illinois Supreme Court decided not to hear the appeal. The investment in New Heights accordingly was written off as of April 30, 2004.
The company sold 80.1% of the equity of Recovery Technologies Group, Inc. (“RTG”) in September 2001 as part of the sale of its tire processing business. The Company retained a 19.9% indirect interest in the RTG tire collection and processing business which was valued at $3,080 at April 30, 2003. On April 22, 2004, the Company transferred its 19.9% indirect interest in RTG, as a result of a purchase option exercised by the purchasers of the original 80.1% interest, at no cost according to a previously agreed formula. Therefore the Company recorded a charge against operations to reduce the balance in the investment to zero at April 30, 2004.
Both the charges described above were recorded in other expense in fiscal year 2004 for a total charge of $8,018.
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On October 6, 2004, the Illinois Supreme Court decided not to hear the appeal. On October 25, 2004, the Bankruptcy Judge confirmed the Liquidation Plan and the assets were sold to a third party on March 15, 2005. In fiscal 2005, the Company recorded in other expense/(income) costs of $667 related to debtor in possession financing offset by income of $117 upon liquidation.
In April 2003, the Company acquired a 9.9% interest in Evergreen National Indemnity Company (“Evergreen”) for total consideration of $5,329. In December, 2003, the Company acquired an additional 9.9% interest in Evergreen for total consideration of $5,306. The Company’s investment in Evergreen amounted to $10,657 at April 30, 2005 and 2006. The Company accounts for its investment in Evergreen under the cost method of accounting.
(k)                                  Income Taxes
The Company records income taxes in accordance with SFAS No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes. Under SFAS No. 109, deferred income taxes are recognized based on the expected future tax consequences of differences between the financial statement basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, calculated using currently enacted tax rates.
(l)                                      Accrued Capping, Closure and Post-Closure Costs
Accrued capping, closure and post-closure costs include the current and non-current portion of accruals associated with obligations for capping, closure and post-closure of the Company’s operating and closed landfills. The Company, based on input from its engineers, accounting personnel and consultants, estimates its future cost requirements for capping, closure and post-closure monitoring and maintenance for solid waste landfills based on its interpretation of the technical standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Subtitle D regulations and the air emissions standards under the Clean Air Act as they are being applied on a state-by-state basis. Capping, closure and post-closure monitoring and maintenance costs represent the costs related to cash expenditures yet to be incurred when a landfill facility ceases to accept waste and closes.
Accruals for capping, closure and post-closure monitoring and maintenance requirements consider final capping of the site, site inspection, groundwater monitoring, leachate management, methane gas control and recovery, and operation and maintenance costs to be incurred during the period after the facility closes. Certain of these environmental costs, principally capping and methane gas control costs, are also incurred during the operating life of the site in accordance with the landfill operation requirements of Subtitle D and the air emissions standards. Reviews of the future cost requirements for capping, closure and post-closure monitoring and maintenance for the Company’s operating landfills by the Company’s engineers, accounting personnel and consultants are performed at least annually and are the basis upon which the Company’s estimates of these future costs and the related accrual rates are revised prospectively. The Company provides accruals for these estimated costs as the remaining permitted airspace of such facilities is consumed.
The Company operates in states which require a certain portion of landfill capping, closure and post-closure obligations to be secured by financial assurance, which may take the form of restricted cash, surety bonds and letters of credit. Surety bonds securing closure and post-closure obligations at April 30, 2005 and 2006 totaled $49,157 and $78,476 respectively.
(m)          Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income is defined as the change in net assets of a business enterprise during a period from transactions generated from non-owner sources. It includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Accumulated other comprehensive income included in the accompanying balance sheets consists of changes in the fair value of the Company’s interest rate swap and commodity hedge agreements as well as the cumulative effect of the change in accounting principle due to the adoption of SFAS No. 133,  Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities  (See Note 1(p)).
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(n)           Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is based on the combined weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive shares, which include, where appropriate, the assumed exercise of employee stock options and the conversion of convertible preferred stock. In computing diluted earnings per share, the Company utilizes the treasury stock method with regard to employee stock options and the “if converted” method with regard to its convertible preferred stock.
(o)           Stock Based Compensation Plans
The Company has elected to account for its stock-based compensation plans under APB Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees , for which no compensation expense is recorded in the statements of operations for the estimated fair value of stock options issued with an exercise price equal to the fair value of the underlying common stock on the grant date.
During fiscal 1996, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, which defines a fair value based method of accounting for stock-based employee compensation and encourages all entities to adopt that method of accounting for all of their employee stock compensation plans. However, it also allows an entity to continue to measure compensation costs for those plans using the intrinsic method of accounting prescribed by APB Opinion No. 25. Entities electing to remain with the accounting in APB Opinion No. 25 must make pro forma disclosures of net income and earnings per share as if the fair value based method of accounting defined in SFAS No. 123 had been applied. In addition, the Company has adopted the disclosure requirements of SFAS No. 148,  Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation - Transition and Disclosure.
In accordance with SFAS No. 123 and SFAS No. 148, the Company has computed, for pro forma disclosure purposes, the value of all options granted during the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model as prescribed by SFAS No. 123, using the following weighted average assumptions for grants in the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006.
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Risk free interest rate	 	2.34%-3.39%	 	3.39%-3.97%	 	3.63%-4.23%	 	
Expected dividend yield	 	N/A	 	N/A	 	N/A	 	
Expected life	 	5 Years	 	5 Years	 	5 Years	 	
Expected volatility	 	45.88%	 	40.35%	 	30.42%	 	
 
The total value of options granted during the years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 would be amortized on a pro forma basis over the vesting period of the options. Options generally vest over a one to three year period. If the Company had accounted for these plans in accordance with SFAS No. 123, the Company’s net income and net income per share would have changed as reflected in the following pro forma amounts:
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004(1)	 	2005(1)	 	2006	 	
Net income available to common stockholders, as reported	 	$	4,853	 	$	3,931	 	$	7,672	 	
Add: Compensation expense, net recorded for the acceleration of vesting of options previously awarded	 	—	 	—	 	24	 	
Deduct: Total stock-based compensation expense determined under fair value based method, net	 	(1,038	)	(1,372	)	(2,167	)	
Pro forma, net income available to common stockholders	 	$	3,815	 	$	2,559	 	$	5,529	 	
 
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Basic income per common share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	 	$	0.20	 	$	0.16	 	$	0.31	 	
Pro forma	 	$	0.16	 	$	0.10	 	$	0.22	 	
Diluted income per common share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	 	$	0.20	 	$	0.16	 	$	0.30	 	
Pro forma	 	$	0.16	 	$	0.10	 	$	0.22	 	

(1)             Total stock-based compensation expense determined under fair value based method, net has been revised for fiscal years 2004 and 2005 to reflect the tax benefit associated with nonqualified stock option grants. This conforms to the fiscal year 2006 presentation.
Total stock-based compensation expense determined under fair value method, net for fiscal years 2004, 2005 and 2006 includes $72, $58 and $90 associated with the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
The net income available to common shareholders as reported for fiscal year 2006 reflects a one time charge of $39 ($24 net of tax) related to the accelerated vesting of options previously awarded. The total stock-based compensation expense determined under fair value based method for fiscal year 2006 includes $905 ($705 net of tax) related to the accelerated vesting of options previously awarded. This is the estimated amount of compensation expense that would have been recognized by the Company under the provisions of SFAS 123(R),  Share-Based Payment,  (SFAS 123R), as stock options vested, absent the acceleration. Refer to Note 13 for additional information related to the accelerated vesting of options previously awarded.
(p)                                   Accounting for Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The Company accounts for derivatives and hedging activities in accordance with SFAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.  SFAS No.133 establishes accounting and reporting standards requiring that every derivative instrument (including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts) be recorded in the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value. SFAS No. 133 requires that changes in the derivative’s fair value be recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. The Company’s objective for utilizing derivative instruments is to reduce its exposure to fluctuations in cash flows due to changes in the variable interest rates under its credit facility and changes in the commodity prices of recycled paper.
The Company’s strategy to hedge against fluctuations in variable interest rates involves entering into interest rate swaps that are specifically designated to existing interest payments under the credit facility and accounted for as cash flow hedges pursuant to SFAS No. 133.
The Company was party to two interest rate swaps outstanding, expiring in February, 2006, with an aggregate notional amount of $53,000. The Company evaluated these swaps and determined that these instruments qualified for hedge accounting pursuant to SFAS No. 133. These interest rate swaps were terminated on April 28, 2005 with the Company receiving net proceeds of $443, which was amortized against interest expense over the remaining original term of the swap contracts through February, 2006.
On May 9, 2005, the Company entered into three separate interest rate swap agreements with three banks for a notional amount of $75,000. The contracts are forward starting contracts that will effectively fix the interest index rate on the entire notional amount at 4.4% from May 4, 2006 through May 5, 2008. These agreements will be specifically designated to interest payments under the revolving credit facility and will be accounted for as effective cash flow hedges pursuant to SFAS No. 133. The fair value of these swaps was $1,091, with the net amount (net of taxes of $442) recorded as an unrealized gain in other comprehensive income at April 30, 2006. Amounts reclassified into earnings are dependent on future movements in interest rates.
The Company’s strategy to hedge against fluctuations in the commodity prices of recycled paper is to enter into hedges to mitigate the variability in cash flows generated from the sales of recycled paper at floating prices, resulting in a fixed price being received from these sales. The Company has entered into thirty-six commodity hedges,
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which expire at various times between May 2006 and November 2008. The Company has evaluated these hedges and believes that these instruments qualify for hedge accounting pursuant to SFAS No. 133. The fair value of these hedges was an obligation of $1,488 and $773, with the net amount (net of taxes of $592 and $313) recorded as an unrealized loss in accumulated other comprehensive income at April 30, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
(q)           Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of accounts receivable. Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited because a large number of geographically diverse customers comprise the Company’s customer base, thus spreading the trade credit risk. For the years ended April 30, 2005 and 2006, no single group or customer represents greater than 3.4% of total accounts receivable. The Company controls credit risk through credit evaluations, credit limits, credit insurance and monitoring procedures. The Company performs credit evaluations for commercial and industrial customers and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers, but generally does not require collateral to support accounts receivable. Credit risk related to derivative instruments results from the fact the Company enters into interest rate and commodity price swap agreements with various counterparties. However, the Company monitors its derivative positions by regularly evaluating positions and the credit worthiness of the counterparties.
2.             NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Effective May 1, 2003, the Company adopted SFAS No. 143, Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations. Through April 30, 2003 the Company recognized expenses associated with (i) amortization of capitalized and future landfill asset costs and (ii) future closure and post-closure obligations on a units-of-consumption basis as airspace was consumed over the life of the related landfill. This practice, referred to as life-cycle accounting within the waste industry, continues to be followed, with the exception of future landfill capping costs. As a result of the adoption of SFAS No. 143, future capping costs are identified by specific capping event and amortized over the specific estimated capacity related to that event rather than over the life of the entire landfill, as was the practice prior to our adoption of SFAS No. 143.
Upon adoption, SFAS No. 143 required a cumulative change in accounting for landfill obligations retroactive to the date of the inception of the landfill. Inception of the asset retirement obligation is the date operations commenced or the date the asset was acquired. To do this, SFAS No. 143 required the creation of the related landfill asset, net of accumulated amortization and an adjustment to the capping, closure and post-closure liability for cumulative accretion. At May 1, 2003, the Company recorded a cumulative effect of change in accounting principle of $2,723 (net of taxes of $1,856).
In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS No. 123R. SFAS No. 123R replaces SFAS No. 123 and supersedes APB Opinion No. 25 and requires public companies to recognize compensation expense for the cost of awards of equity instruments. This compensation cost will be measured as the fair value of the award on the grant date estimated using an option-pricing model. SFAS No. 123R will become effective at the beginning of the first fiscal year after June 15, 2005.  The Company will adopt SFAS No. 123R effective May 1, 2006, which is expected to result in increased compensation expense in future periods. See Note 13.
In April 2005, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 47, Accounting for Conditional Asset Retirement Obligations — an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 143.  (FIN No. 47). FIN No. 47 expands on the accounting guidance of SFAS No. 143,  Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations  (SFAS No. 143), providing clarification of the term, conditional asset retirement obligation, and guidelines for the timing of recording the obligation. The Company adopted SFAS No. 143 effective May 1, 2003. The interpretation is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2005. The adoption of FIN No. 47 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
In May 2005, the FASB issued SFAS No. 154, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (SFAS No. 154) which replaces APB Opinion No. 20,  Accounting Changes  (APB No. 20) ,  and SFAS No. 3,  Reporting Accounting Changes in Interim Financial Statements — An Amendment of APB Opinion No. 28 . SFAS No. 154 provides guidance
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on the accounting for and reporting of accounting changes and error corrections. Specifically, this statement requires “retrospective application” of the direct effect for a voluntary change in accounting principle to prior periods’ financial statements, if it is practicable to do so. SFAS No. 154 also strictly redefines the term “restatement” to mean the correction of an error by revising previously issued financial statements. SFAS No. 154 replaces APB No. 20, which requires that most voluntary changes in accounting principle be recognized by including in net income of the period of the change the cumulative effect of changing to the new accounting principle. Unless adopted early, SFAS No. 154 is effective for accounting changes and corrections of errors made in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2005. The Company does not expect the adoption of SFAS No. 154 to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
3.             BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
The Company acquired eleven, ten and fifteen solid waste hauling, landfill disposal or material recycling operations in fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively, in transactions accounted for as purchases. Accordingly, the operating results of these businesses are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations from the dates of acquisition, and the purchase prices have been allocated to the net assets acquired based on fair values at the dates of acquisition, with the residual amounts allocated to goodwill. The purchase prices allocated to those net assets acquired were as follows:
 	 	April 30,	 	
 	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Current assets	 	$	1	 	$	(1,254	)	
Property, plant and equipment	 	4,624	 	12,449	 	
Goodwill	 	5,165	 	13,939	 	
Intangible assets	 	608	 	943	 	
Current liabilities	 	(226	)	(3,406	)	
Other non-current liabilities	 	—	 	(2,658	)	
Total	 	$	10,172	 	$	20,013	 	
 
The following unaudited pro forma combined information shows the results of the Company’s operations for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2005 and 2006 as though each of the acquisitions completed in the fiscal years ended April 30, 2005 and 2006 had occurred as of May 1, 2004.
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Revenues	 	$	496,671	 	$	532,285	 	
Operating income	 	$	43,864	 	$	43,523	 	
Net income	 	$	8,117	 	$	11,395	 	
Diluted pro forma net income per common share	 	$	0.32	 	$	0.45	 	
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding	 	25,193	 	25,368	 	
 
The pro forma results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the actual results of operations had the acquisitions taken place or the results of future operations of the Company. Furthermore, the pro forma results do not give effect to all cost savings or incremental costs that may occur as a result of the integration and consolidation of the completed acquisitions.
4.             RESTRICTED CASH
Restricted cash consists of cash held in trust on deposit with various banks as collateral for the Company’s financial obligations relative to its self insurance claims liability as well as landfill capping, closure and post-closure costs and other facilities’ closure costs. Cash is also restricted by specific agreement for facilities’ maintenance and other purposes. Restricted cash at April 30, 2006 also includes remaining proceeds related to the Company’s issuance of $25,000 Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds. See Note 10 for more information on the issuance.
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A summary of restricted cash is as follows:
 	 	April 30,	 	
 	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Current:	 	 	 	 	 	
Landfill closure	 	$	70	 	$	72	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total	 	$	70	 	$	72	 	
 
 	 	April 30,	 	
 	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Non Current:	 	 	 	 	 	
Insurance	 	$	12,124	 	$	12,418	 	
Revenue bond proceeds	 	—	 	5,469	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total	 	$	12,124	 	$	17,887	 	
 
5.             PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment at April 30, 2005 and 2006 consist of the following:
 	 	April 30,	 	
 	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Land	 	$	18,413	 	$	21,651	 	
Landfills	 	244,084	 	299,636	 	
Landfill operating lease contracts	 	50,789	 	59,857	 	
Buildings and improvements	 	72,128	 	94,296	 	
Machinery and equipment	 	181,510	 	203,955	 	
Rolling stock	 	119,838	 	133,880	 	
Containers	 	50,894	 	56,817	 	
 	 	737,656	 	870,092	 	
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	 	324,903	 	388,808	 	
 	 	$	412,753	 	$	481,284	 	
 
Depreciation expense for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 was $35,334, $36,570 and $39,469, respectively. Landfill amortization expense for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 was $22,689, $27,588 and $23,823, respectively. Depletion expense on landfill operating lease contracts for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 was $1,248, $4,785 and $6,284, respectively and was recorded in cost of operations.
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6.                   INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Intangible assets at April 30, 2005 and 2006 consist of the following:
 	 	Covenants
not to
compete	 	Customer
lists	 	Licensing
Agreements	 	Total	 	
Balance, April 30, 2005	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Intangible assets	 	$	16,299	 	$	688	 	$	—	 	$	16,987	 	
Less accumulated amortization	 	(13,670	)	(606	)	—	 	(14,276	)	
 	 	$	2,629	 	$	82	 	$	—	 	$	2,711	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance, April 30, 2006	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Intangible assets	 	$	16,654	 	$	688	 	$	920	 	$	18,262	 	
Less accumulated amortization	 	(14,771	)	(688	)	(41	)	(15,500	)	
 	 	$	1,883	 	$	—	 	$	879	 	$	2,762	 	
 
The following table shows the activity and balances related to goodwill from April 30, 2004 through April 30, 2006:
 	 	Balance
April 30, 2004	 	Acquisitions	 	Divestitures	 	Other(1)	 	Balance
April 30, 2005	 	
North Eastern region	 	$	25,770	 	$	—	 	$	—	 	$	(430	)	$	25,340	 	
South Eastern region	 	30,490	 	1,156	 	—	 	(1	)	31,645	 	
Central region	 	28,684	 	1,477	 	—	 	(3	)	30,158	 	
Western region	 	50,918	 	2,532	 	—	 	—	 	53,450	 	
FCR Recycling	 	21,368	 	—	 	(1,821	)	(2,648	)	16,899	 	
Total	 	$	157,230	 	$	5,165	 	$	(1,821	)	$	(3,082	)	$	157,492	 	
 
 	 	Balance
April 30, 2005	 	Acquisitions	 	Divestitures	 	Other(1)	 	Balance
April 30, 2006	 	
North Eastern region	 	$	25,340	 	$	—	 	$	—	 	$	(13	)	$	25,327	 	
South Eastern region	 	31,645	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	31,645	 	
Central region	 	30,158	 	1,021	 	(79	)	6	 	31,106	 	
Western region	 	53,450	 	2,251	 	—	 	(5	)	55,696	 	
FCR Recycling	 	16,899	 	10,667	 	—	 	(82	)	27,484	 	
Total	 	$	157,492	 	$	13,939	 	$	(79	)	$	(94	)	$	171,258	 	

(1)             Consists primarily of a decrease in Federal and state tax valuation allowances related to goodwill acquired as part of the KTI acquisition.
Intangible amortization expense for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 was $1,572, $1,478 and $1,297, respectively. The intangible amortization expense estimated as of April 30, 2006, for the five fiscal years following the fiscal year ended April 30, 2006 is as follows:
Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	2007	 	 	2008	 	2009	 	2010	 	2011	 	
$828	 	$	554	 	$	374	 	$	262	 	$	170	 	

7.             NET ASSETS UNDER CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATION
Effective September 30, 2002, the Company transferred its export brokerage operations to former employees, who had been responsible for managing that business. Consideration for the transaction was in the form of two notes receivable, amounting to $5,460. These notes were payable within five years of the anniversary date of the transaction to the extent of free cash flow generated from the operations.
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Effective June 30, 2003, the Company entered into a similar transaction transferring its domestic brokerage operations as well as a commercial recycling business to former employees who had been responsible for managing those businesses. Consideration for the transaction was in the form of two notes receivable amounting up to $6,925. These notes are payable within twelve years of the anniversary date of the transaction to the extent of free cash flow generated from the operations. Interest is payable only in the event of default upon which interest is payable on the unpaid principal balance at an adjustable rate equal to the Company’s then current average composite borrowing rate plus 4.0% per annum.
Effective August 1, 2005, the Company transferred its Canadian recycling operation to a former employee who had been responsible for managing that business. Consideration for this transaction was in the form of a note receivable amounting up to $1,313 which is payable within six years of the anniversary date of the transaction to the extent of free cash flow generated from the operations.  Interest is payable only in the event of default upon which interest is payable on the unpaid principal balance at an adjustable rate equal to the Company’s then current average composite borrowing rate plus 4.0% per annum.
The Company did not initially account for any of these transactions as a sale based on an assessment that the risks and other incidents of ownership had not sufficiently transferred to the buyer. Effective April 1, 2004, the notes from the buyer of the export brokerage operations were paid in full and accordingly the Company was able to account for the transfer of the export brokerage operations as a sale, for total consideration of $4,984. The gain on the sale amounted to $1,144 and is included in other income for fiscal year 2004.
The net assets of the domestic brokerage operations and the Canadian recycling operation are disclosed in the balance sheet as “net assets under contractual obligation” and are being reduced as payments are made; they amounted to $1,392 and $937 at April 30, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
8.             ACCRUED CAPPING, CLOSURE AND POST CLOSURE
Accrued capping, closure and post-closure costs include the current and non-current portion of costs associated with obligations for closure and post-closure of our landfills. The Company estimates its future capping, closure and post-closure costs in order to determine the capping, closure and post-closure expense per ton of waste placed into each landfill as further described in Note 1(l) to the consolidated financial statements. The anticipated timeframe for paying these costs varies based on the remaining useful life of each landfill, as well as the duration of the post-closure monitoring period. The changes to accrued capping, closure and post-closure liabilities are as follows:
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Beginning balance, May 1	 	$	25,949	 	$	25,223	 	$	26,628	 	
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle(1)	 	(7,855	)	—	 	—	 	
Capping, closure, and post-closure liability, adjusted	 	18,094	 	25,223	 	26,628	 	
Obligations incurred	 	4,556	 	4,774	 	4,330	 	
Revisions in estimates	 	(1,371	)	(2,795	)	(1,252	)	
Accretion expense	 	1,871	 	2,201	 	2,224	 	
Payments(2)	 	(2,707	)	(6,068	)	(3,914	)	
Acquisitions and other adjustments(3)	 	4,780	 	3,293	 	—	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance, April 30	 	$	25,223	 	$	26,628	 	$	28,016	 	

(1)             Upon adoption of SFAS No. 143, on May 1, 2003, the Company recorded a cumulative effect of change in accounting principle of $2.7 million (net of taxes of $1.9 million). In addition the Company recorded a decrease in our capping, closure and post-closure obligations of $7.9 million, and a decrease in the Company’s net landfill assets of $3.2 million.
(2)             Spending levels increased in fiscal year 2005 mainly due to closure activities at the Company’s Southbridge, Massachusetts landfill.
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(3)             The increase in fiscal 2005 is as a result of capping, closure and post-closure accruals relating to the acquisition of the Southbridge, Massachusetts landfill operating contract.
9.             OTHER ACCRUED LIABILITIES
Other accrued liabilities at April 30, 2005 and 2006 consist of the following:
 	 	April 30,	 	
 	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Self insurance reserve	 	$	9,760	 	$	11,639	 	
Other accrued liabilities	 	14,759	 	16,735	 	
Total other accrued liabilities	 	$	24,519	 	$	28,374	 	
 
10.          LONG-TERM DEBT
Long-term debt as of April 30, 2005 and 2006 consists of the following:
 	 	April 30,
2005	 	April 30,
2006	 	
Senior subordinated notes, due February 1, 2013, 9.75%, interest payable semiannually, unsecured and unconditionally guaranteed (including unamortized premium of $5,460 and $4,924)	 	$	200,460	 	$	199,924	 	
Senior secured revolving credit facility (the “revolver”), which provides for advances or letters of credit of up to $350,000, due April 28, 2010, bearing interest at LIBOR plus 2.25%, (approximately 7.20% at April 30, 2006 based on three month LIBOR). This loan is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company    	 	177,300	 	226,900	 	
Finance authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2005, dated December 1, 2005, bearing interest at BMA Index (approximately 3.85% at April 30, 2006) enhanced by an irrevocable, transferable direct-pay letter of credit (2.25% at April 30, 2006). Due January 1, 2025	 	—	 	25,000	 	
Notes payable in connection with businesses acquired, bearing interest at rates of 0% - 7.51%, due in monthly, quarterly or annual installments varying to $43, expiring September 2006 through March 2011	 	957	 	1,423	 	
 	 	378,717	 	453,247	 	
Less - current maturities	 	281	 	527	 	
 	 	$	378,436	 	$	452,720	 	
 
On January 24, 2003, the Company issued $150,000 of 9.75% senior subordinated notes (the “notes”), due 2013. The senior subordinated note agreement contains covenants that restrict dividends, stock repurchases and other payments, and limits the incurrence of debt and issuance of preferred stock. The notes are guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally by the Company and its significant subsidiaries.
On February 2, 2004, the Company issued an additional $45,000 of 9.75% senior subordinated notes due 2013. Proceeds from the issuance were used to repay outstanding indebtedness under the Company’s revolving credit facility, to pay transaction costs related to the offering and for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions. The notes were issued at a premium of $6,075, which will be amortized over the life of the notes. Premium amortization of $497 and $536 was recorded to interest expense in fiscal 2005 and 2006, respectively, using the effective interest rate method.
On April 29, 2005, the Company entered into a senior credit facility with a group of banks for which Bank of America is acting as agent. The facility consists of a senior secured revolving credit facility in the amount of $350,000. Under certain circumstances the Company has the option of increasing the credit facility by an additional $100,000 provided that the Company is not in default at the time of the increase, and subject to the receipt of commitments from lenders for such additional amount. This credit facility is secured by all of the Company’s assets, including our interest in the equity securities of the Company’s subsidiaries. The revolving credit facility matures
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April 2010. The initial borrowings under the credit facility were used to repay all outstanding indebtedness under the former credit facility. The former senior credit facility consisted of a $175,000 senior secured revolving credit facility and a senior secured term “B” loan. Further advances were available under the revolver in the amount of $140,413 and $65,374 as of April 30, 2005 and 2006, respectively. These available amounts are net of outstanding irrevocable letters of credit totaling $32,287 and $57,726 as of April 30, 2005 and 2006. As of April 30, 2005 and 2006 no amounts had been drawn under the outstanding letters of credit.
On December 28, 2005, the Company completed a $25,000 financing transaction involving the issuance by the Finance Authority of Maine (the “Authority”) of $25,000 aggregate principal amount of its Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds Series 2005 (the “Bonds”). The Bonds are issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of December 1, 2005 (the “Indenture”) and are enhanced by an irrevocable, transferable direct-pay letter of credit issued by Bank of America, N.A. Pursuant to a Financing Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2005, by and between the Company and the Authority, the Company has borrowed the proceeds of the Bonds to pay for certain costs relating to (1) landfill development and construction, vehicle, container and related equipment acquisition for solid waste collection and transportation services, improvements to existing solid waste disposal, hauling, transfer station and other facilities, other infrastructure improvements, and machinery and equipment for solid waste disposal operations owned and operated by the Company, or a related party, all located in Maine; and (2) the issuance of the Bonds. At April 30, 2006, remaining issuance proceeds of $5,469 were recorded as restricted cash to be used to pay for the further capital costs as they are incurred.
The senior revolving credit facility agreement contains covenants that may limit the Company’s activities including covenants that forbid the payment of dividends on common stock. As of April 30, 2006, these covenants restricted capital expenditures to 2.00 times depreciation and landfill amortization, set a minimum net worth requirement of $156,475, a minimum interest coverage ratio of 2.75, a maximum consolidated total funded debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio of 4.75 and a maximum senior funded debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio of 3.00. As of April 30, 2006, the company was in compliance with all covenants.
The Company completed an amendment to the credit facility agreement on June 2, 2006. This amended the capital expenditure covenant to 2.00X depreciation and landfill amortization effective April 30, 2006. The minimum interest coverage ratio was amended and will decrease from a ratio of 2.75 to 3.50 for the period July 31, 2007 through July 31, 2008. The maximum consolidated total funded debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio increased to 5.25 effective July 31, 2006 through April 30, 2007; reducing to 5.00 from July 31, 2007 through April 30, 2008 and 4.75 thereafter. In the event that all of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock are converted into common stock, the consolidated total funded debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio shall not exceed 4.75 in the quarter that the conversion occurs and thereafter. The maximum senior funded debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio increased to 3.35 effective July 31, 2006 through April 30, 2007 and 3.25 thereafter.
The Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1,716 in fiscal 2005 as a result of the write-off of deferred financing costs related to the former credit facility.
The Company has historically entered into interest rate swap agreements to balance fixed and floating rate debt interest risk in accordance with management’s criteria. The agreements are contracts to exchange fixed and floating interest rate payments periodically over a specified term without the exchange of the underlying notional amounts. The agreements provide only for the exchange of interest on the notional amounts at the stated rates, with no multipliers or leverage. Differences paid or received over the life of the agreements are recorded in the consolidated financial statements as additions to or reductions of interest expense on the underlying debt.
The Company was party to two interest rate swaps outstanding, expiring in February 2006, with an aggregate notional amount of $53,000. The Company evaluated these swaps and determined that these instruments qualified for hedge accounting pursuant to SFAS No. 133. These interest rate swaps were terminated on April 28, 2005 concurrent with the Company entering into the new senior credit facility. The Company received net proceeds of $443 which were amortized against interest expense over the remaining original term of the swap contracts through February 2006.
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On May 9, 2005, the Company entered into three separate interest rate swap agreements with three banks for a notional amount of $75,000. The contracts are forward starting contracts that will effectively fix the interest index rate on the entire notional amount at 4.4% from May 4, 2006 through May 5, 2008. These agreements will be specifically designated to interest payments under the revolving credit facility and will be accounted for as effective cash flow hedges pursuant to SFAS No. 133. As of April 30, 2006, interest rate swap agreements in notional amounts and with terms as set forth in the following table were outstanding:
Bank	 	Notional Amounts	 	Receive	 	Pay	 	Range of Agreement	
Bank A	 	$25,000	 	LIBOR	 	4.444%	 	May 2006 to May 2008	
Bank B	 	$25,000	 	LIBOR	 	4.444%	 	May 2006 to May 2008	
Bank C	 	$25,000	 	LIBOR	 	4.440%	 	May 2006 to May 2008	
 
As of April 30, 2006, debt matures as follows:
Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	 	 	 	 	
2007	 	$	527	 	
2008	 	273	 	
2009	 	265	 	
2010	 	227,106	 	
2011	 	152	 	
Thereafter(1)	 	224,924	 	
 	 	$	453,247	 	

(1)             Includes unamortized premium of $4,924.
11.          COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
(a)                                                           Leases
The following is a schedule of future minimum lease payments, together with the present value of the net minimum lease payments under capital leases, as of April 30, 2006:
 	 	Operating
Leases	 	Capital
Leases	 	
Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	 	 	 	 	
2007	 	$	11,044	 	$	1,228	 	
2008	 	10,413	 	1,201	 	
2009	 	9,392	 	458	 	
2010	 	8,570	 	169	 	
2011	 	4,634	 	67	 	
Thereafter	 	142,182	 	—	 	
Total minimum lease payments	 	$	186,235	 	3,123	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Less-amount representing interest	 	 	 	315	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	2,808	 	
Less-current maturities of capital lease obligations	 	 	 	1,061	 	
Present value of long term capital lease obligations	 	 	 	$	1,747	 	
 
The Company leases real estate, compactors and hauling vehicles under leases that qualify for treatment as capital leases. The assets related to these leases have been capitalized and are included in property and equipment at April 30, 2005 and 2006. The Company leases operating facilities and equipment under operating leases with
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monthly payments varying to $50. Total rent expense under operating leases charged to operations was $4,970, $4,882 and $4,651 in fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
During fiscal 2004, the Company entered into three landfill operation and management agreements and one landfill operation and management agreement in fiscal 2006. These agreements are long-term landfill operating contracts with government bodies whereby the Company receives tipping revenue, pays normal operating expenses and assumes future capping, closure and post-closure liabilities. The government body retains ownership of the landfill. There is no bargain purchase option and title to the property does not pass to the Company at the end of the lease term. The Company allocated the consideration paid to the landfill airspace rights and underlying land lease based on the relative fair values.
In addition to up-front or one-time payments, the landfill operating agreements require the Company to make future minimum rental payments, including success/expansion fees, other direct costs and capping, closure, and post closure costs. The value of all future probable lease payments are amortized and charged to cost of operations over the life of the contract. The Company amortizes the consideration allocated to airspace rights as airspace is utilized on a units-of-consumption basis and such depletion is charged to cost of operations as airspace is consumed i.e. as tons are placed into the landfill. The underlying value of the land lease is amortized to cost of operations on a straight-line basis over the estimated life of the operating agreement. Depletion expense on landfill operating lease contracts charged to operations was $1,248, $4,785 and $6,284 in fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
(b)           Waste-to-Energy Facility
The Company owns a 100% interest in Maine Energy, which utilizes non-hazardous solid waste as the fuel for the generation of electricity. Maine Energy sells the electricity it produces to Central Maine Power (“Central Maine”) pursuant to a long-term power purchase agreement. Under this agreement, Maine Energy has agreed to sell energy to Central Maine through May 31, 2007 at an initial rate of 7.18 cents (determined in 1996) per kilowatt-hour (“kWh”), which escalates annually by 2% (9.18 cents per kWh as of April 30, 2006). From June 1, 2007 until December 31, 2012, Maine Energy is to be paid the then current market value for both its energy and capacity by Central Maine.
If, in any year, Maine Energy fails to produce 100,000,000 kWh of electricity and Maine Energy does not have a force majeure defense, such as physical damage to the plant or other similar events, Maine Energy must pay approximately $3,750 to Central Maine as liquidated damages. This payment obligation is secured by a letter of credit with a bank. Additionally, if, in any year, Maine Energy fails to produce 15,000,000 kWh of electricity and Maine Energy does not have a force majeure defense, Maine Energy must pay the balance of the letter of credit to Central Maine as liquidated damages. The balance of the letter of credit at April 30, 2006 was $7,500.
Maine Energy produced and sold 150,732,000 kWh, 156,146,000 kWh and 163,065,000 kWh of electricity to Central Maine in the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively, thereby meeting its kWh requirements under the power purchase agreement.
Under the terms of a waste handling agreement between certain municipalities and Maine Energy, the latter is obligated to make a payment at the point in time that Maine Energy pays off its debt obligations (as defined), currently estimated to occur in 2008, or upon the consummation of an outright sale of Maine Energy. The obligation has been estimated by management and recorded at $5,313. Management believes the possibility of material loss in excess of this amount is remote.
(c)           Legal Proceedings
In the normal course of its business and as a result of the extensive governmental regulation of the waste industry, the Company may periodically become subject to various judicial and administrative proceedings involving Federal, state or local agencies. In these proceedings, an agency may seek to impose fines on the Company or to revoke, or to deny renewal of, an operating permit held by the Company. In addition, the Company may become party to various claims and suits for alleged damages to persons and property, alleged violation of certain laws and for alleged liabilities arising out of matters occurring during the normal operation of the waste management business.
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The New Hampshire Superior Court in Grafton County, NH ruled on February 1, 1999 that the Town of Bethlehem, NH could not enforce an ordinance purportedly prohibiting expansion of the Company’s landfill subsidiary North Country Environmental Services, Inc. (“NCES”), at least with respect to 51 acres of NCES’s 105 acre parcel, based upon certain existing land-use approvals. As a result, NCES was able to construct and operate “Stage II, Phase II” of the landfill. In May 2001, the Supreme Court denied the Town’s appeal. Notwithstanding the Supreme Court’s 2001 ruling, the Town continued to assert jurisdiction to conduct unqualified site plan review with respect to Stage III (which is within the 51 acres) and further stated that the Town’s height ordinance and building permit process may apply to Stage III. On September 12, 2001, the Company filed a petition for, among other things, declaratory relief. On December 4, 2001, the Town filed an answer to the Company’s petition asserting counterclaims seeking, among other things, authorization to assert site plan review over Stage III, which commenced operation in December 2000, as well as the methane gas utilization/leachate handling facility operating in connection with Stage III, and also an order declaring that an ordinance prohibiting landfills applies to Stage IV expansion. The trial on these claims was held in December 2002 and on April 24, 2003, the Grafton Superior Court upheld the Town’s 1992 ordinance preventing the location or expansion of any landfill, ruling that the ordinance may be applied to any part of Stage IV that goes beyond the 51 acres; ruling that the Town’s height ordinance is valid within the 51 acres; upholding the Town’s right to require Site Plan Review, except that there are certain areas within the Town’s Site Plan Review regulation that are preempted; and ruling that the methane gas utilization/leachate handling facility is not subject to the Town’s ordinance forbidding incinerators. On May 27, 2003, NCES appealed the Court ruling to the New Hampshire Supreme Court. On March 1, 2004, the Supreme Court issued an opinion affirming that NCES has all of the local approvals that it needs to operate within the 51 acres and that the Town cannot therefore require site plan review for landfill development within the 51 acres. The Supreme Court’s opinion left open for further review the question of whether the Town’s 1992 ordinance can prevent expansion of the facility outside the 51 acres, remanding to the Superior Court four issues, including two defenses raised by NCES as grounds for invalidating the 1992 ordinance. On April 19, 2005, the Superior Court judge granted NCES’ motion for partial summary judgment, ruling that the 1992 ordinance is invalid because it distinguishes between “users” of land rather than “uses” of land, and that a state statute preempts the Town’s ability to issue a building permit for the methane gas utilization/leachate handling facility to the extent the Town’s regulations relate to design, installation, construction, modification or operation. After this ruling, the Town amended its counterclaim to request a declaration that another zoning ordinance it enacted in March of 2005 is lawful and prevents the expansion of the landfill outside of the 51 acres. In the Fall of 2005 NCES and the Town engaged in private mediation in an effort to resolve the disputes between them, but the mediation was unsuccessful. NCES filed a motion with the court on December 15, 2005 for partial summary judgment asserting six different arguments challenging the lawfulness of the March 2005 amendment to the zoning ordinance, and the town has filed a cross-motion on January 13, 2006 for partial summary judgment on the same issue. On February 13, 2006, NCES filed its objection with the Grafton Superior Court to the Town’s cross-motion for summary judgment. In April 2006, the court ruled against NCES on the applicability of all six arguments challenging the lawfulness of the March 2005 ordinance and NCES filed a motion for reconsideration. On May 30, 2006, the judge issued a ruling on the motion for reconsideration, reversing herself with respect to two of the six arguments she earlier ruled to be invalid, thereby preserving such argument for trial. Additionally, several issues related to the March 2005 amendment that were not the subject of such motions remain to be decided by a trial, in addition to the issues remanded by the Supreme Court, which include whether the Town can impose site plan review requirements outside the 51 acres, and whether the 1992 ordinance contravenes the general welfare of the community. On June 6, 2006, the Town rejected a settlement proposal from NCES at a special town meeting. A conference will be held on June 30, 2006 with the judge to establish a discovery schedule and a potential trial date.
On January 10, 2002, the City of Biddeford, Maine filed a lawsuit in York County Superior Court in Maine alleging breach of the waste handling agreement among the Biddeford-Saco Waste Handling Committee, the cities of Biddeford and Saco, Maine and the Company’s subsidiary Maine Energy for (1) failure to pay the residual cancellation payments in connection with the Company’s merger with KTI and (2) processing amounts of waste above contractual limits without notice to the City. On May 3, 2002, the City of Saco filed a lawsuit in York County Superior Court against the Company, Maine Energy and other subsidiaries. The complaint in that action, which was amended by the City of Saco on July 22, 2002, alleges breaches of the 1991 waste handling agreement for failure to
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pay the residual cancellation payment, which Saco alleges is due as a result of, among other things, (1) the Company’s merger with KTI and (2) Maine Energy’s failure to pay off certain limited partner loans in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The complaint also seeks damages for breach of contract and a court order requiring the Company to provide an accounting of all transactions since May 3, 1996 involving transfers of assets to or for the benefit of the equity owners of Maine Energy. On June 6, 2002, the additional 13 municipalities that were parties to the 1991 waste handling agreements filed a lawsuit in York County Superior Court against Maine Energy alleging breaches of the 1991 waste handling agreements for failure to pay the residual cancellation payment which they allege is due as a result of (1) the Company’s merger with KTI; and (2) failure to pay off the limited partner loans when funds were allegedly available. On July 25, 2002, the three actions were consolidated for purposes of discovery, case management and pretrial proceedings. On December 23, 2003, the action brought by the Tri-County Towns against Maine Energy was stayed pursuant to a court order as a result of a conditional settlement reached by the parties. The settlement became final, and, on or about July 8, 2004, the Tri-County Towns’ action was dismissed with prejudice pursuant to stipulation by the parties. The litigation brought by the remaining Cities of Biddeford and Saco is currently in the discovery phase. Simultaneously, the Company is engaged in settlement negotiations with the City of Biddeford concerning the claims asserted in these actions and other matters, however, at this stage it is impossible to predict whether a settlement will be reached. The Company has vigorously contested the claims asserted by the cities. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses to these claims.
On or about December 3, 2003, Maine Energy was served with a complaint filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maine. The complaint was a citizen suit under the federal Clean Air Act (“CAA”) and similar state law alleging (1) emissions of volatile organic compounds (“VOCs”) in violation of its federal operating permit; (2) failure to accurately identify emissions; and (3) failure to control VOC emissions through implementation of reasonably available control technology. In addition, the complaint alleged that Maine Energy was negligent and that the subject emissions cause odors and constitute a public nuisance. The allegations related to Maine Energy’s waste-to-energy facility located in Biddeford, Maine and its construction, installation and operation of a new odor control system which redirects air from tipping and processing buildings to a boiler building for treatment by three air vents. The complaint sought an unspecified amount of civil penalties, damages, injunctive relief and attorney’s fees. The court allowed the City’s requests to amend its complaint to assert (1) an additional CAA claim that Maine Energy filed with the Maine DEP a compliance certification for calendar year 2002 which failed to disclose required information concerning VOC emissions, and (2) an additional claim that the installation of the odor control system constituted a major modification under the Maine DEP air rules, which required Maine Energy to obtain emission offsets and to apply the most stringent level of emission control known as the Lowest Available Emission Rate or LAER. This latter amendment sought additional relief in the form of an order requiring that Maine Energy obtain emission offsets and apply LAER to emissions from its tipping and processing operations. On June 2, 2004, the City of Biddeford dismissed the subject complaint without prejudice while settlement negotiations take place. On or about May 25, 2004, Maine Energy received a revised 60-Day Notice of Intent to Sue under the CAA from the Cities of Biddeford and Saco. The Notice states that the Cities intend to refile suit under the CAA in the event that the ongoing settlement negotiations do not resolve the claims. On or about July 22, 2004 and March 28, 2005, Maine Energy received from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) a request for information pursuant to section 114(a)(1) of the CAA, which states that the EPA is evaluating whether the Maine Energy facility is in compliance with the CAA, CAA regulations, and licenses issued under the CAA. Maine Energy has fully cooperated with the EPA in connection with these requests for information pertaining to VOC emissions issues and is currently engaged in settlement discussions.
On March 2, 2005, the Company’s subsidiary Casella Waste Management of Pennsylvania, Inc. (“CWMPA”) was issued an Administrative Order by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (“DEP”) revoking CWMPA’s transfer station permit for its 75-ton-per-day transfer station located in Wellsboro, Pennsylvania and ordering that the site be closed. The DEP based its decision on certain alleged violations related to recordkeeping and site management over a five-year period. On March 10, 2005, CWMPA appealed the Order to the State’s Environmental Hearing Board (“EHB”). The Pennsylvania Attorney General’s Office is also conducting a criminal investigation of the allegations. On March 17, 2005, CWMPA and the DEP mutually agreed to a Supersedeas Order approved by the EHB which superseded the March 2, 2005 DEP Order, stating that CWMPA agreed to (i) voluntarily cease operations at the transfer station until May 16, 2005; (ii) relocate its hauling company before May 16, 2005; and (iii) develop a Management and Operation Plan for the transfer station by May 16, 2005. On May 17, 2005, the EHB
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judge extended the Supersedeas Order until June 10, 2005 and authorized the transfer station to resume operations upon completion of the relocation of the hauling company and receipt of a permit modification related to the weighing of bag waste from individual customers. CWMPA satisfied the conditions and recommenced operations at the transfer station on May 20, 2005. On June 9, 2005, CWMPA and the DEP filed a stipulation with the EHB withdrawing and voiding the March 2, 2005 Order revoking the permit, while reserving the DEP’s right to seek civil penalties and the Company’s right to defend against any such penalties. On March 9, 2006, the Company reached an agreement with the Attorney General’s Office that resolved its investigation with a misdemeanor fine in the amount of $35 plus a $15 contribution to a non-profit environmental organization. The Company has reached a settlement in principal with the DEP whereby the Company expects to pay a civil penalty in the amount of $400. The Company plans to finalize the settlement in June 2006.
On March 10, 2005, the Zoning Enforcement Officer (“ZEO”) for the Town of Hardwick, Massachusetts rendered an opinion that a portion of the current Phase II footprint of the Company’s Hardwick Landfill is on land on Lot 1 that is not properly zoned. On April 7, 2005, the Company appealed the opinion to the Hardwick Zoning Board of Appeals (“ZBA”). On July 13, 2005, the ZBA denied the Company’s appeal. On August 1, 2005, the Company appealed the ZBA’s decision to the Massachusetts Land Court. The Company proposed a plan to implement an interim closure of the affected Lot 1 which included relocation of waste from an unlined area on Lot 2 (a lot unaffected by the decision) to the affected Lot 1. The ZEO issued a letter prohibiting the Company from relocating waste onto Lot 1. The Company appealed the ZEO decision to the ZBA and the ZBA denied the appeal on November 29, 2005. The Company appealed the ZBA decision to the Land Court and had it consolidated with the other appeal filed with the Land Court. On January 18, 2006, the Massachusetts Attorney General approved new general bylaw articles of the town which, among other things, prohibit the use of construction and demolition debris as grading, shaping or closure materials. Such articles may have an adverse impact on the Company’s ability to relocate some or all of the waste onto the affected lot. The Company and the Town executed a Host Community Agreement on June 7, 2005, which provides the Town with certain immediate benefits and will provide certain deferred benefits upon receipt of approvals for the rezoning of the existing landfill area and an expansion area, which the Company expects to apply for in the future.  On November 16, 2005, the adjacent town of Ware adopted regulations restricting truck traffic in a manner that affects certain routes into the landfill. On December 20, 2005, the Company filed an action challenging the regulations and seeking a preliminary injunction. On December 30, 2005, the Court denied the preliminary injunction. The Company is continuing to pursue its challenge to the Ware regulations and the case has entered the discovery phase. On May 22, 2006, the ZEO for the Town of Hardwick, Massachusetts rendered an opinion that the current Phase II footprint of the Company’s Hardwick Landfill is on land on Lot 2 that is not properly zoned. The May 22, 2006 order contradicts two prior rulings by the ZEO, which stated that Lot 2 is grandfathered and exempt from zoning. On May 26, 2006, the ZEO stayed his May 22, 2006 order pending the Company’s appeal and resolution of any such appeal by the Zoning Board of Appeals.
On May 25, 2005, the Company was served with an antitrust summons by the Office of the Attorney General of the State of Maine pursuant to its investigation of whether the Company and the City of Lewiston have entered into an agreement to operate a municipal landfill in restraint of trade or commerce and whether such an agreement would constitute an acquisition of assets that may substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly. The summons sought the production of documents related to the Company’s operations in the State of Maine. In July, 2005, the Maine Department of Environmental Protection (“MEDEP”) expressed additional concerns with the Operating Services Agreement related to whether or not it violates a Maine statute prohibiting the development of commercial landfills. On October 12, 2005, the Office of the Attorney General rendered its decision that the proposed transaction violates the ban on commercial landfills because of the Attorney General’s belief that the overall effect of the contract constitutes a transfer of meaningful control from the City of Lewiston to the Company. The transaction is on hold indefinitely.
On June 23, 2005, the Company was advised that the State’s Attorney for Chittenden County, Vermont has initiated a formal investigation through the State’s Inquest process to determine if there is any criminal culpability in connection with the fatality on January 28, 2005 of a driver of the Company’s subsidiary All Cycle Waste, Inc. that
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occurred on the job when the driver’s rear-loader trash truck rolled over him when he was behind it. The Company is cooperating with the investigation. On July 21, 2005, the Company settled with the Vermont Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which was conducting a separate civil investigation of potential safety violations, by agreeing to pay a penalty in the amount of $28 in connection with four alleged general duty clause violations in connection with the accident. In the on-going criminal investigation, the Company continues to fully cooperate with the State’s Attorney.
On December 2, 2005, the Company was served with a petition filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York by a group of approximately 100 residents of Chemung County, New York seeking to vacate and set aside the Operating, Management and Lease Agreement (“OML Agreement”) between Chemung County and the Company pertaining to the Company’s operation of the Chemung County Landfill, the Host Community Benefit Agreement between the Town of Chemung and the Company and certain resolutions adopted by the County and the Town authorizing such transactions. The petition alleges that the documents illegally contract away or limit the police power functions of the County or the Town; that the County improperly segmented review of a planned increase in the annual capacity and related physical expansion of the landfill; that the County failed to properly define and describe the future projects; and that the County failed to adequately assess the immediate impacts of the OML Agreement and the resultant privatization of the landfill as required under the State Environmental Quality Review Act. On February 21, 2006, the judge dismissed the petition in its entirety. Plaintiffs did not appeal.
The Company is a defendant in certain other lawsuits alleging various claims incurred in the ordinary course of business, none of which, either individually or in the aggregate, the Company believes are material to its financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
(d)           Environmental Liability
The Company may be subject to liability for any environmental damage, including personal injury and property damage, that its solid waste, recycling and power generation facilities cause to neighboring property owners, particularly as a result of the contamination of drinking water sources or soil, possibly including damage resulting from conditions existing before the Company acquired the facilities. The Company also may be subject to liability for similar claims arising from off-site environmental contamination caused by pollutants or hazardous substances if the Company or its predecessors arrange to transport, treat or dispose of those materials. Any substantial liability incurred by the Company arising from environmental damage could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. The Company is not aware of any situations that it expects would have a material adverse impact on the results of operations or financial condition.
(e)           Employment Contracts
The Company has entered into employment contracts with four of its senior officers. Two contracts are dated December 8, 1999, while the other two are dated June 18, 2001 and July 20, 2001, respectively. Each contract has a three year term and a two year covenant not to compete from the date of termination. These contracts automatically extend for a one year period at the end of the initial term and any renewal period. Total annual commitments for salaries under these contracts are $1,185. In the event of a change in control of the Company, or in the event of involuntary termination without cause, the employment contracts provide for a payment ranging from one to three years of salary and bonuses.
12.          PREFERRED STOCK
The Company is authorized to issue up to 1,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series. As of April 30, 2005 and 2006, the Company had 56 shares authorized, 54 and 53 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, of Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock issued at $1,000 per share. These shares are convertible into Class A common stock, at the option of the holders, at $14 per share. Dividends are cumulative at a rate of 5%, compounded quarterly from the issuance date of August 11, 2000. The Company has the option to redeem the preferred stock for cash at any time after three years at a price giving the holder a defined yield, but must redeem the shares by the seventh anniversary date at liquidation value, which equals original cost, plus accrued but unpaid
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dividends, if any. Pursuant to the stock agreement, acceleration of the liquidation provisions would occur upon change in control of the Company.
During the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, the Company accrued $3,252, $3,338 and $3,432 of dividends, respectively, which are included in the carrying value of the preferred stock in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
13.          STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(a)                                  Common Stock
The holders of the Class A Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share held. The holders of the Class B Common Stock are entitled to ten votes for each share held, except for the election of one director, who is elected by the holders of the Class A Common Stock exclusively. The Class B Common Stock is convertible into Class A Common Stock on a share-for-share basis at the option of the shareholder.
(b)                                 Stock Warrants
At April 30, 2005 and 2006, there were outstanding warrants to purchase 91 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock at exercise prices between $15.88 and $43.63 per share, based on the fair value of the underlying common stock at the time of the warrants’ issuance. The warrants are exercisable and expire at varying times through November 2008.
(c)                                  Stock Option Plans
During 1993, the Company adopted an incentive stock option plan for officers and other key employees. The 1993 Incentive Stock Option Plan (the “1993 Option Plan”) provided for the issuance of a maximum of 300 shares of Class A Common Stock. As of April 30, 2005, options to purchase 12 shares of Class A common stock were outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $4.61. There were no remaining options outstanding under this plan as of April 30, 2006. No further options may be granted under this plan.
During 1996, the Company adopted a stock option plan for employees, officers and directors of, and consultants and advisors to the Company. The 1996 Stock Option Plan (the “1996 Option Plan”) provided for the issuance of a maximum of 918 shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the grant of either incentive stock options or non-statutory options. As of April 30, 2005, a total of 270 options to purchase Class A Common Stock were outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $11.59. As of April 30, 2006, a total of 167 options to purchase Class A common Stock were outstanding at an average exercise price of $14.30. No further options may be granted under this plan.
On July 31, 1997, the Company adopted a stock option plan for employees, officers and directors of, and consultants and advisors to the Company. The Board of Directors has the authority to select the optionees and determine the terms of the options granted. The 1997 Stock Option Plan (the “1997 Option Plan”) provides for the issuance of 5,328 shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the grant of either incentive stock options or non-statutory options, which includes all authorized, but unissued options under previous plans. As of April 30, 2005, options to purchase 2,907 shares of Class A Common Stock at an average exercise price of $13.15 were outstanding under the 1997 Option Plan. As of April 30, 2006, options to purchase 3,048 shares of Class A Common Stock at a weighted average exercise price of $13.28 were outstanding under the 1997 Option Plan. As of April 30, 2006, 891 options were available for future grant under the 1997 Option Plan.
Additionally, options outstanding under the assumed KTI Stock Option Plan totaled 34 and 31 at April 30, 2005 and 2006, respectively, at weighted average exercise prices of $21.75 and $22.25, respectively. Upon assumption of this plan, options under the KTI plan became exercisable for an equal number of shares of the Company’s stock. The exercise price of the converted options was increased by 96.1% based on relative fair values of the underlying stock at the date of the KTI acquisition.
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On July 31, 1997, the Company adopted a stock option plan for non-employee directors of the Company. The 1997 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan provides for the issuance of a maximum of 200 shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the grant of non-statutory options. As of April 30, 2005 and 2006, options to purchase 159 shares of Class A Common Stock at a weighted average exercise price of $11.72 and 189 shares of Class A Common Stock at a weighted average exercise price of $11.87 respectively, were outstanding. As of April 30, 2006, 9 options were available for future grant under the 1997 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan.
On July 2, 2001, the Company offered its employees, other than executive officers, the opportunity to ask the Company to exchange options having an exercise price of $12.00 or more per share. For every two eligible options surrendered, the participating option holders received one new option on February 4, 2002 at an exercise price of $12.75, which was equal to the closing price of a common share as quoted by NASDAQ on that day and 666 options were surrendered for exchange under the offering resulting in 333 options being granted to participants.
Options generally vest over a one to three year period from the date of grant and are granted at prices at least equal to the prevailing fair market value at the issue date. In general, options are issued with a life not to exceed ten years.
On March 2, 2006, the Company’s Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved the accelerated vesting of all outstanding unvested stock options to purchase shares of common stock of the Company. Accordingly, all of the Company’s then outstanding unvested options became vested as of March 3, 2006. The decision to accelerate the vesting of stock options was made primarily to reduce non-cash compensation expense that would have been recorded in future periods.   The estimated future compensation expense associated with these options was approximately $705, net of tax, and would have been required to be recorded in the Company’s income statement in future periods upon the adoption of SFAS No. 123R effective May 1, 2006. The Company incurred a non-cash charge of $39 ($24 net of taxes), which was based upon the in-the- money value at the time of acceleration associated only with an estimated number of options that might have been forfeited pursuant to their original terms, absent acceleration. The Company will not be required to recognize future compensation expense for the accelerated options under SFAS No. 123R unless the Company makes modifications to the options, which is not anticipated.
Stock option activity for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 is as follows:
 	 	Number of
Options	 	Weighted
Average
Exercise Price	 	
Outstanding, April 30, 2003	 	4,336	 	$	12.77	 	
Granted	 	230	 	10.54	 	
Terminated	 	(370	)	(21.94	)	
Exercised	 	(791	)	(6.11	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Outstanding, April 30, 2004	 	3,405	 	12.77	 	
Granted	 	357	 	13.15	 	
Terminated	 	(209	)	(16.98	)	
Exercised	 	(168	)	(9.48	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Outstanding, April 30, 2005	 	3,385	 	13.02	 	
Granted	 	395	 	12.06	 	
Terminated	 	(108	)	(11.41	)	
Exercised	 	(237	)	(8.41	)	
Outstanding, April 30, 2006	 	3,435	 	$	13.20	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Exercisable, April 30, 2004	 	3,122	 	$	13.28	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Exercisable, April 30, 2005	 	2,908	 	$	13.02	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Exercisable, April 30, 2006	 	3,435	 	$	13.20	 	
 
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Set forth below is a summary of options outstanding and exercisable as of April 30, 2006:
 	 	Options Outstanding	 	Options Exercisable	 	
Range of Exercise Price	 	 	 	Number of
Outstanding
Options	 	Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life (Years)	 	Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price	 	Number of
Exercisable
Options	 	Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price	 	
$4.61 - $6.91	 	48	 	5.9	 	$	5.81	 	48	 	$	5.81	 	
$6.92 - $10.38	 	788	 	5.1	 	8.70	 	788	 	8.70	 	
$10.39 - $15.58	 	2,128	 	5.9	 	13.05	 	2,128	 	13.05	 	
$15.59 - $23.38	 	234	 	2.5	 	17.36	 	234	 	17.36	 	
Over $23.39	 	237	 	2.0	 	26.77	 	237	 	26.77	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Totals	 	3,435	 	5.2	 	$	13.20	 	3,435	 	$	13.20	 	

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 is $4.76, $5.43 and $4.09, respectively.
14.          EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
The Company offers its eligible employees the opportunity to contribute to a 401(k) plan. The Company will contribute fifty cents for every dollar an employee invests in the 401(k) plan up to a maximum Company match of seven-hundred fifty dollars per calendar year. Participants vest in employer contributions ratably over a three year period. Employer contributions for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 amounted to $397, $365 and $570, respectively.
In January 1998, the Company implemented its Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Under this plan, qualified employees may purchase shares of Class A Common Stock by payroll deduction at a 15% discount from the market price. 600 shares of Class A Common Stock have been reserved for this purpose. During the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, 39, 22 and 26 shares, respectively, of Class A Common Stock were issued under this plan.
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15.          INCOME TAXES
The provision (benefit) for income taxes from continuing operations for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 consists of the following:
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Federal—	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current	 	$	22	 	$	69	 	$	394	 	
Deferred	 	5,508	 	3813	 	5,864	 	
Deferred benefit of loss carryforwards	 	(7,985	)	—	 	—	 	
 	 	(2,455	)	3,882	 	6,258	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
State—	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current	 	360	 	524	 	1,577	 	
Deferred	 	1,872	 	1,319	 	(670	)	
Deferred benefit of loss carryforwards	 	(1,399	)	—	 	(210	)	
 	 	833	 	1,843	 	697	 	
 	 	$	(1,622	)	$	5,725	 	$	6,955	 	
 
The differences in the provision (benefit) for income taxes and the amounts determined by applying the Federal statutory rate to income before provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 are as follows:
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Federal statutory rate	 	35	%	35	%	35	%	
Tax at statutory rate	 	$	1,319	 	$	4,527	 	$	6,321	 	
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	 	(360	)	604	 	715	 	
(Decrease)/increase in valuation allowance	 	(2,746	)	593	 	(220	)	
Change in state tax rate, net of federal benefit	 	—	 	(95	)	(136	)	
Other, net	 	165	 	96	 	275	 	
 	 	$	(1,622	)	$	5,725	 	$	6,955	 	
 
88

Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and such amounts recognized for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following at April 30, 2005 and 2006:
 	 	April 30,	 	
 	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Deferred tax assets:	 	 	 	 	 	
Net operating loss carryforwards	 	$	42,745	 	$	29,550	 	
Accrued expenses and reserves	 	11,105	 	11,374	 	
Deferred revenue	 	1,652	 	1,460	 	
Alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards	 	715	 	1,492	 	
Gain on business dispositions	 	332	 	711	 	
Other	 	2,131	 	2,111	 	
Total deferred tax assets	 	58,680	 	46,698	 	
Less: valuation allowance	 	(5,411	)	(6,070	)	
Total deferred tax assets after valuation allowance	 	53,269	 	40,628	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred tax liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	
Accelerated depreciation of property and equipment	 	(30,337	)	(25,881	)	
Amortization of intangibles	 	(13,400	)	(15,202	)	
Basis difference in partnership interests	 	(7,713	)	(1,114	)	
Other	 	(83	)	(354	)	
Total deferred tax liabilities	 	(51,533	)	(42,551	)	
Net deferred tax (liability) asset	 	$	1,736	 	$	(1,923	)	
 
At April 30, 2006, the Company has, for Federal income tax purposes, net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $66,265 that expire in years 2007 through 2024 and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $76,295 that expire in years 2007 through 2026. Substantial limitations restrict the Company’s ability to utilize certain state loss carryforwards. Due to uncertainty of the utilization of the carryforwards, no tax benefit has been recognized for $63,435 of the state net operating loss carryforwards. In addition, the Company has $1,492 minimum tax credit carryforward available that is not subject to limitation.
The $659 net increase in the valuation allowance is primarily due to a net increase in the valuation allowance for state loss carryforwards, offset in part by a decrease due to the expiration of certain Federal and state loss carryforwards.
The valuation allowance includes $337 related to losses acquired through acquisitions. To the extent that future realization of such carryforwards exceeds the Company’s current estimates, additional benefits received will be recorded as a reduction of goodwill. In assessing the realizability of carryforwards and other deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company adjusts the valuation allowance in the period management determines it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will or will not be realized.
16.                               DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS, DIVESTITURES,  IMPAIRMENT CHARGES AND DEFERRED COSTS.
Discontinued Operations:
During the second quarter of fiscal 2005, we completed the sale of the assets of Data Destruction Services, Inc. (“Data Destruction”) for cash sale proceeds of $3,050. This shredding operation had been historically accounted for as a component of continuing operations up until its sale. The transaction required discontinued operations treatment under SFAS No. 144, therefore the operating results of Data Destruction have been reclassified from continuing to discontinued operations in fiscal 2004 and 2005. Also in connection with the discontinued accounting treatment, the loss (net of tax) from the sale amounting to $82 has been recorded and classified as a loss on disposal of discontinued operations.
89

Other Divestitures:
Effective September 30, 2002, the Company transferred its export brokerage operations to former employees, who had been responsible for managing that business. Consideration for the transaction was in the form of two notes receivable amounting to $5,460. Effective April 1, 2004, the Company completed the sale of the export brokerage operations for total consideration of $4,984. The gain on the sale amounted to $1,144 and is included in other expense/(income) for fiscal year 2004.
Impairment Charges:
In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2004 the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1,663, consisting of a $404 write-down of our investment in Resource Optimization Technology (“ROT”), a compost facility, which the Company transferred at no cost to a third party in February 2005 and subsequently liquidated the entity; a charge of $926 relating to the sale of buildings and land at its former recycling facility in Mechanics Falls, Maine; and a charge of $333 for the discontinued Rockingham landfill project.
Deferred Costs:
In the second quarter of fiscal 2005, the Company recorded a charge of $295 as deferred costs to reflect the write-off of development costs associated with unsuccessful negotiations to operate and develop a landfill located in McKean County, Pennsylvania.
In the third quarter of fiscal 2006, the Company recorded a charge of $1,329 as deferred costs to write-off the development costs incurred in pursuit of a contract to develop and operate the Town of Templeton, Massachusetts sanitary landfill. The Company plans to continue pursuing this contract but feels additional time is required before the project is restarted.
17.          EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the numerator and denominator used in the computation of earnings per share:
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Numerator:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	 	$	5,392	 	$	7,211	 	$	11,104	 	
Less: preferred stock dividends	 	(3,252	)	(3,338	)	(3,432	)	
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle available to common stockholders	 	$	2,140	 	$	3,873	 	$	7,672	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Denominator:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Number of shares outstanding, end of period:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Class A common stock	 	23,496	 	23,860	 	24,185	 	
Class B common stock	 	988	 	988	 	988	 	
Effect of weighted average shares outstanding during period	 	(482	)	(169	)	(193	)	
Weighted average number of common shares used in basic EPS	 	24,002	 	24,679	 	24,980	 	
Impact of potentially dilutive securities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dilutive effect of options and contingent stock	 	443	 	514	 	388	 	
Weighted average number of common shares used in diluted EPS	 	24,445	 	25,193	 	25,368	 	
 
For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, 6,513, 6,079 and 6,453, respectively, of potentially dilutive common stock related to options, warrants and redeemable convertible preferred stock, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of dilutive shares since the inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive.
90

 
18.          RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
(a)           Services
During fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, the Company retained the services of a related party, a company wholly owned by two of the Company’s major stockholders and members of the Board of Directors (one of whom is also an officer), as a contractor in developing or closing certain landfills owned by the Company. Total purchased services charged to operations or capitalized to landfills for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 were $5,759, $9,193 and $13,286, respectively, of which $388 and $662 were outstanding and included in accounts payable at April 30, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
(b)           Leases
On August 1, 1993, the Company entered into two leases for operating facilities with a partnership in which two of the Company’s major stockholders and members of the Board of Directors (one of whom is also an officer) are the general partners. The leases are classified as capital leases in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The leases call for monthly payments of approximately $23 and expire in April 2008. Total expense charged to operations for fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 under these agreements was $255, $275 and $277, respectively.
(c)           Landfill Post-closure
The Company has agreed to pay the cost of post-closure on a landfill owned by certain principal shareholders. The Company paid the cost of closing this landfill in 1992, and the post-closure maintenance obligations are expected to last until 2012. In the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, the Company paid $9, $8 and $4 respectively, pursuant to this agreement. As of April 30, 2005 and 2006, the Company has accrued $53 and $65 respectively, for costs associated with its post-closure obligations.
(d)           Transfer Station Lease
In June 1994, the Company entered into a transfer station lease for a term of 10 years. The transfer station was owned by a current member of the Company’s Board of Directors, who became a director upon the execution of the lease. Under the terms of the lease the Company agreed to pay monthly rent for the first five years at a rate of five dollars per ton of waste disposed of at the transfer station, with a minimum rent of $7 per month. In June 1999, the monthly rent was lowered to a rate of two dollars per ton of waste disposed, with a minimum rent of $3 per month. Total lease payments for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2004 were $35. In October 2003, the Company agreed to assume the post-closure obligations at an adjacent closed landfill owned by the same member of the Company’s Board of Directors in exchange for ownership of the transfer station and closed landfill site and termination of the lease and rental obligations.
(e)           Employee Loans
As of April 30, 2005 and 2006, the Company has recourse loans to officers and employees outstanding in the amount of $1,004 and $1,003, respectively. The interest on these notes is payable upon demand by the Company. The notes have no fixed repayment terms. Interest is at the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate (7.75% at April 30, 2006). Non current assets includes notes from officers consisting of $916 at April 30, 2005 and 2006. Current assets include receivables associated with loans to employees of the Company amounting to $88 and $87 at April 30, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
(f)            Commodity Sales
The Company sells recycled paper products to its equity method investee, GreenFiber. Revenue from sales to GreenFiber amounted to $3,071, $3,560 and $4,578 for fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively.
91

 
19.          SEGMENT REPORTING
SFAS No. 131, Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments in financial statements. In general, SFAS No. 131 requires that business entities report selected information about operating segments in a manner consistent with that used for internal management reporting.
The Company classifies its operations into North Eastern region, South Eastern region, Central region, Western region and FCR Recycling. The Company’s revenues in the North Eastern region, South Eastern region, Central region and Western region segments are derived mainly from one industry segment, which includes the collection, transfer, recycling and disposal of non-hazardous solid waste. The North Eastern region also includes Maine Energy, which generates electricity from non-hazardous solid waste. The Company’s revenues in the FCR Recycling segment are derived from integrated waste handling services, including processing and recycling of paper, cardboard, metals, aluminum, plastics and glass and brokerage of recycled materials. Ancillary operations, major customer accounts and earnings from equity method investees, are included in Other.
 	 	North Eastern	 	South Eastern	 	Central	 	Western	 	FCR	 	
 	 	region	 	region	 	region	 	region	 	Recycling	 	
Year Ended April 30, 2004(1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Outside revenues	 	$	82,658	 	$	84,713	 	$	100,789	 	$	77,669	 	$	75,366	 	
Inter-segment revenues	 	24,361	 	26,370	 	48,458	 	15,930	 	3,635	 	
Operating income	 	6,000	 	(5,520	)	17,192	 	8,547	 	8,615	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	17,747	 	13,239	 	12,778	 	9,899	 	3,910	 	
Interest expense (net)	 	3,741	 	9,079	 	(639	)	7,357	 	4,313	 	
Capital expenditures	 	12,795	 	12,921	 	14,410	 	13,771	 	2,769	 	
Goodwill	 	25,770	 	30,490	 	28,684	 	50,918	 	21,368	 	
Total assets	 	$	169,412	 	$	129,163	 	$	114,630	 	$	122,109	 	$	59,457	 	
 
 	 	Other	 	Eliminations	 	Total	 	 	 	 	 	
Year Ended April 30, 2004(1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Outside revenues	 	$	16,766	 	$	—	 	$	437,961	 	 	 	 	 	
Inter-segment revenues	 	—	 	(118,754	)	—	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income	 	(2,128	)	—	 	32,706	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	2,023	 	 	 	59,596	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest expense (net)	 	1,398	 	 	 	25,249	 	 	 	 	 	
Capital expenditures	 	1,669	 	 	 	58,335	 	 	 	 	 	
Goodwill	 	—	 	 	 	157,230	 	 	 	 	 	
Total assets	 	$	76,161	 	$	—	 	$	670,932	 	 	 	 	 	
 
92

 
 	 	North Eastern	 	South Eastern	 	Central	 	Western	 	FCR	 	
 	 	region	 	region	 	region	 	region	 	Recycling	 	
Year Ended April 30, 2005(1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Outside revenues	 	$	93,439	 	$	89,176	 	$	108,700	 	$	92,684	 	$	82,009	 	
Inter-segment revenues	 	24,383	 	28,963	 	53,527	 	21,271	 	462	 	
Operating income	 	7,259	 	(6,371	)	17,398	 	$	12,672	 	$	12,566	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	18,059	 	14,141	 	14,855	 	12,999	 	3,723	 	
Interest expense (net)	 	5,241	 	12,756	 	(1,738	)	8,560	 	2,782	 	
Capital expenditures	 	14,707	 	11,206	 	21,087	 	22,323	 	9,325	 	
Goodwill	 	25,340	 	31,645	 	30,158	 	53,450	 	16,899	 	
Total assets	 	$	172,427	 	$	135,364	 	$	125,592	 	$	149,317	 	$	60,000	 	
 
 	 	Other	 	Eliminations	 	Total	 	 	 	 	 	
Year Ended April 30, 2005(1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Outside revenues	 	$	15,956	 	$	—	 	$	481,964	 	 	 	 	 	
Inter-segment revenues	 	2	 	(128,608	)	—	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income	 	(2,091	)	—	 	41,433	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	1,860	 	 	 	65,637	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest expense (net)	 	1,789	 	 	 	29,390	 	 	 	 	 	
Capital expenditures	 	1,416	 	 	 	80,064	 	 	 	 	 	
Goodwill	 	—	 	 	 	157,492	 	 	 	 	 	
Total assets	 	$	69,754	 	$	—	 	$	712,454	 	 	 	 	 	
 
 	 	North Eastern	 	South Eastern	 	Central	 	Western	 	FCR	 	
 	 	region	 	region	 	region	 	region	 	Recycling	 	
Year Ended April 30, 2006	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Outside revenues	 	$	109,869	 	$	88,390	 	$	117,792	 	$	101,145	 	$	89,842	 	
Inter-segment revenues	 	26,652	 	31,667	 	58,089	 	21,774	 	470	 	
Operating income	 	7,423	 	(2,131	)	16,781	 	$	8,803	 	$	13,543	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	18,403	 	10,210	 	15,673	 	13,442	 	4,949	 	
Interest expense (net)	 	4,890	 	14,109	 	(2,897	)	9,755	 	3,261	 	
Capital expenditures	 	23,801	 	19,563	 	26,924	 	20,769	 	20,861	 	
Goodwill	 	25,327	 	31,645	 	31,106	 	55,696	 	27,484	 	
Total assets	 	$179,661	 	$	148,217	 	$	143,562	 	$	166,331	 	$	90,853	 	

 	 	Other	 	Eliminations	 	Total	 	 	 	 	 	
Year Ended April 30, 2006	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Outside revenues	 	$	18,890	 	$	—	 	$	525,928	 	 	 	 	 	
Inter-segment revenues	 	—	 	(138,652	)	—	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income	 	(2,073	)	—	 	42,346	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	1,912	 	 	 	64,589	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest expense (net)	 	2,896	 	 	 	32,014	 	 	 	 	 	
Capital expenditures	 	2,093	 	 	 	114,011	 	 	 	 	 	
Goodwill	 	—	 	 	 	171,258	 	 	 	 	 	
Total assets	 	$	82,487	 	$	—	 	$	811,111	 	 	 	 	 	

(1)             Effective in fiscal year 2006, the Company has modified its internal reporting of the measurement of segment profit or loss to operating income or loss. The Company had previously used income from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect in change in accounting principle as its measurement of segment profit or loss for internal reporting. Segment data for the fiscal years 2004 and 2005 has been conformed to reflect this modification.
93

Amounts of our total revenue attributable to services provided are as follows:
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Collection	 	$	226,840	 	$	237,877	 	$	253,282	 	
Landfill / disposal facilities	 	69,639	 	80,132	 	97,801	 	
Transfer	 	38,830	 	41,862	 	44,394	 	
Recycling	 	99,362	 	122,093	 	130,451	 	
Brokerage	 	3,290	 	—	 	—	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total	 	$	437,961	 	$	481,964	 	$	525,928	 	
 
20.          QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED)
The following is a summary of certain items in the Consolidated Statements of Operations by quarter for fiscal years ended April 30, 2005 and 2006.
Fiscal Year 2005	 	First
Quarter	 	Second
Quarter	 	Third
Quarter	 	Fourth
Quarter	 	
Revenues	 	$	123,672	 	$	126,381	 	$	116,080	 	$	115,831	 	
Operating income	 	12,657	 	12,756	 	7,570	 	8,450	 	
Income (loss) from continuing operations before discontinued operations	 	2,762	 	3,485	 	1,397	 	(433	)	
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	 	2,005	 	2,562	 	568	 	(1,204	)	
Income per common share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) from continuing operations before discontinued operations	 	0.08	 	0.11	 	0.02	 	(0.05	)	
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	 	0.08	 	0.10	 	0.02	 	(0.05	)	
Diluted:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) from continuing operations before discontinued operations	 	0.08	 	0.11	 	0.02	 	(0.05	)	
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	 	0.08	 	0.10	 	0.02	 	(0.05	)	

Fiscal Year 2006	 	First
Quarter	 	Second
Quarter	 	Third
Quarter	 	Fourth
Quarter	 	
Revenues	 	$	132,000	 	$	136,795	 	$	130,597	 	$	126,536	 	
Operating income	 	13,061	 	13,706	 	5,956	 	9,622	 	
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations	 	3,107	 	4,157	 	1,287	 	2,552	 	
Net income available to common stockholders	 	2,257	 	3,303	 	428	 	1,682	 	
Income per common share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations	 	0.09	 	0.13	 	0.02	 	0.07	 	
Net income available to common stockholders	 	0.09	 	0.13	 	0.02	 	0.07	 	
Diluted:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income from continuing operations before discontinued operations	 	0.09	 	0.13	 	0.02	 	0.07	 	
Net income available to common stockholders	 	0.09	 	0.13	 	0.02	 	0.07	 	

94

21.          CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The senior subordinated notes are guaranteed jointly and severally, fully and unconditionally by the Company’s significant wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Parent is the issuer and non-guarantor of the senior subordinated notes. The information which follows presents the condensed consolidating financial position as of April 30, 2005 and 2006; the condensed consolidating results of operations for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006; and the condensed consolidating statements of cash flows for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005 and 2006 of (a) the Parent company only, (b) the combined guarantors (“the Guarantors”), each of which is 100% wholly-owned by the Parent, (c) the combined non-guarantors (“the Non-Guarantors”), (d) eliminating entries and (e) the Company on a consolidated basis.
95

CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET
AS OF APRIL 30, 2005
(in thousands, except for share and per share data)
ASSETS	 	Parent	 	Guarantors	 	Non-
Guarantors	 	Elimination	 	Consolidated	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
CURRENT ASSETS:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	(2,383	)	$	10,146	 	$	815	 	$	—	 	$	8,578	 	
Restricted cash	 	—	 	70	 	—	 	—	 	70	 	
Accounts receivable — trade, net of allowance for	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
doubtful accounts	 	76	 	50,998	 	652	 	—	 	51,726	 	
Refundable income taxes	 	874	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	874	 	
Inventory	 	—	 	2,538	 	—	 	—	 	2,538	 	
Other current assets	 	596	 	4,161	 	840	 	—	 	5,597	 	
Total current assets	 	(837	)	67,913	 	2,307	 	—	 	69,383	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization	 	2,928	 	411,506	 	(1,681	)	—	 	412,753	 	
Goodwill	 	—	 	157,492	 	—	 	—	 	157,492	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	3,155	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	3,155	 	
Investment in subsidiaries	 	(18,424	)	—	 	—	 	18,424	 	—	 	
Net assets under contractual obligation	 	—	 	1,392	 	—	 	—	 	1,392	 	
Other non-current assets	 	25,430	 	36,287	 	10,941	 	(4,379	)	68,279	 	
 	 	13,089	 	606,677	 	9,260	 	14,045	 	643,071	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Intercompany receivable	 	587,569	 	(589,512	)	(2,436	)	4,379	 	—	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	$	599,821	 	$	85,078	 	$	9,131	 	$	18,424	 	$	712,454	 	
 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	 	Parent	 	Guarantors	 	Non -
Guarantors	 	Elimination	 	Consolidated	 	
CURRENT LIABILITIES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current maturities of long — term debt	 	$	—	 	$	281	 	$	—	 	$	—	 	$	281	 	
Accounts payable	 	1,425	 	44,654	 	28	 	—	 	46,107	 	
Accrued payroll and related expenses	 	2,243	 	7,320	 	125	 	—	 	9,688	 	
Accrued interest	 	4,816	 	2	 	—	 	—	 	4,818	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	1,419	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	1,419	 	
Current accrued closure and post-closure costs	 	—	 	4,748	 	542	 	—	 	5,290	 	
Other current liabilities	 	3,975	 	10,474	 	10,702	 	—	 	25,151	 	
Total current liabilities	 	13,878	 	67,479	 	11,397	 	—	 	92,754	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Long-term debt, less current maturities	 	377,760	 	676	 	—	 	—	 	378,436	 	
Other long-term liabilities	 	1,437	 	30,085	 	2,996	 	—	 	34,518	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Series A redeemable, convertible preferred stock,—authorized — 55,750, issued and outstanding — 53,750, liquidation preference of $1,000 per share plus accrued but unpaid dividends	 	67,964  	 	—  	 	—  	 	—  	 	67,964  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Class A common stock —
Authorized — 100,000,000 shares, $0.01 par value; issued and outstanding — 23,860,000 shares	 	239  	 	101  	 	100  	 	(201	)	239  	 	
Class B common stock —
Authorized -— 1,000,000 shares, $0.01 par value, 10 votes per share, issued and outstanding — 988,000 shares	 	10  	 	—  	 	—  	 	—  	 	10  	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive income	 	767	 	1,276	 	(53	)	(1,223	)	767	 	
Additional paid-in capital	 	274,088	 	48,035	 	2,596	 	(50,631	)	274,088	 	
Accumulated deficit	 	(136,322	)	(62,574	)	(7,905	)	70,479	 	(136,322	)	
Total stockholders’ equity	 	138,782	 	(13,162	)	(5,262	)	18,424	 	138,782	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	$	599,821	 	$	85,078	 	$	9,131	 	$	18,424	 	$	712,454	 	
 
96

CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET
AS OF APRIL 30, 2006
(in thousands, except for share and per share data)
ASSETS	 	Parent	 	Guarantors	 	Non-Guarantors	 	Elimination	 	Consolidated	 	
CURRENT ASSETS:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	(3,840	)	$	10,747	 	$	522	 	$	—	 	$	7,429	 	
Accounts receivable — trade, net of allowance for doubtful accounts	 	35	 	55,641	 	620	 	(27	)	56,269	 	
Deferred taxes	 	4,029	 	—	 	1,005	 	—	 	5,034	 	
Other current assets	 	2,456	 	7,863	 	—	 	(77	)	10,242	 	
Total current assets	 	2,680	 	74,251	 	2,147	 	(104	)	78,974	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization	 	3,252	 	478,725	 	(693	)	—	 	481,284	 	
Goodwill	 	—	 	171,258	 	—	 	—	 	171,258	 	
Restricted cash	 	5,469	 	3	 	12,415	 	—	 	17,887	 	
Investment in subsidiaries	 	1,189	 	—	 	—	 	(1,189	)	—	 	
Assets under contractual obligation	 	—	 	937	 	—	 	—	 	937	 	
Other non-current assets	 	27,467	 	37,563	 	120	 	(4,379	)	60,771	 	
 	 	37,377	 	688,486	 	11,842	 	(5,568	)	732,137	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Intercompany receivable	 	656,623	 	(657,153	)	(3,849	)	4,379	 	—	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	$	696,680	 	$	105,584	 	$	10,140	 	$	(1,293	)	$	811,111	 	
 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	 	Parent	 	Guarantors	 	Non - Guarantors	 	Elimination	 	Consolidated	 	
CURRENT LIABILITIES:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current maturities of long term debt	 	$	—	 	$	527	 	$	—	 	$	—	 	$	527	 	
Current maturities of capital lease obligations	 	121	 	940	 	—	 	—	 	1,061	 	
Accounts payable	 	2,227	 	43,996	 	245	 	(104	)	46,364	 	
Accrued payroll and related expenses	 	1,413	 	5,376	 	29	 	—	 	6,818	 	
Accrued interest	 	6,648	 	2	 	—	 	—	 	6,650	 	
Accrued income taxes	 	200	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	200	 	
Other current liabilities	 	5,688	 	13,612	 	13,845	 	—	 	33,145	 	
Total current liabilities	 	16,297	 	64,453	 	14,119	 	(104	)	94,765	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Long-term debt, less current maturities	 	451,824	 	896	 	—	 	—	 	452,720	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	6,957	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	6,957	 	
Other long-term liabilities	 	1,682	 	33,372	 	1,695	 	—	 	36,749	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Series A redeemable, convertible preferred stock, authorized —
55,750, issued and outstanding — 53,000, liquidation preference of $1,000 per share plus accrued but unpaid dividends	 	70,430	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	70,430	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Class A common stock —
Authorized — 100,000,000 shares, $0.01 par value; issued and outstanding — 24,185,000 shares	 	242	 	101	 	100	 	(201	)	242	 	
Class B common stock —
Authorized — 1,000,000 shares, $0.01 par value, 10 votes per share, issued and outstanding — 988,000 shares	 	10	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	10	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive income	 	159	 	91	 	(122	)	31	 	159	 	
Additional paid-in capital	 	274,297	 	48,360	 	2,743	 	(51,103	)	274,297	 	
Accumulated deficit	 	(125,218	)	(41,689	)	(8,395	)	50,084	 	(125,218	)	
Total stockholders’ equity	 	149,490	 	6,863	 	(5,674	)	(1,189	)	149,490	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	$	696,680	 	$	105,584	 	$	10,140	 	$	(1,293	)	$	811,111	 	
 
97

 
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FISCAL YEAR ENDED APRIL 30, 2004
(in thousands)
 	 	Parent	 	Guarantors	 	Non-Guarantors	 	Elimination	 	Consolidated	 	
Revenues	 	$	—	 	$	430,952	 	$	16,849	 	$	(9,840	)	$	437,961	 	
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of operations	 	(935	)	282,437	 	14,166	 	(9,840	)	285,828	 	
General and administration	 	67	 	57,193	 	907	 	—	 	58,167	 	
Depreciation and amortization 	 	1,793	 	51,524	 	6,279	 	—	 	59,596	 	
Impairment Charge	 	—	 	925	 	738	 	—	 	1,663	 	
 	 	925	 	392,079	 	22,090	 	(9,840	)	405,254	 	
Operating income (loss)	 	(925	)	38,873	 	(5,241	)	—	 	32,707	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other expense/(income), net:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	 	(24,587	)	(1,363	)	(97	)	25,796	 	(251	)	
Interest expense	 	25,745	 	25,363	 	188	 	(25,796	)	25,500	 	
(Income) loss from equity method investments	 	(8,715	)	(2,261	)	—	 	8,715	 	(2,261	)	
Other expense/(income), net:	 	(289	)	6,338	 	(100	)	—	 	5,949	 	
Other expense/(income), net	 	(7,846	)	28,077	 	(9	)	8,715	 	28,937	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes, discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	 	6,921	 	10,796	 	(5,232	)	(8,715	)	3,770	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
(Benefit) provision for income taxes 	 	(1,184	)	—	 	(438	)	—	 	(1,622	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) from continuing operations before discontinued operations and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	 	8,105	 	10,796	 	(4,794	)	(8,715	)	5,392	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss from discontinued operations, net	 	—	 	(10	)	—	 	—	 	(10	)	
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, net	 	—	 	2,518	 	205	 	—	 	2,723	 	
Net income (loss)	 	8,105	 	13,304	 	(4,589	)	(8,715	)	8,105	 	
Preferred stock dividend	 	3,252	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	3,252	 	
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	 	$	4,853	 	$	13,304	 	$	(4,589	)	$	(8,715	)	$	4,853	 	
 
98

 
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FISCAL YEAR ENDED APRIL 30, 2005
(in thousands)
 	 	Parent	 	Guarantors	 	Non - Guarantors	 	Elimination	 	Consolidated	 	
Revenues	 	$	—	 	$	477,401	 	$	14,429	 	$	(9,866	)	$	481,964	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of operations	 	(187	)	310,144	 	10,830	 	(9,866	)	310,921	 	
General and administration	 	506	 	62,095	 	1,077	 	—	 	63,678	 	
Depreciation and amortization 	 	1,621	 	58,642	 	5,374	 	—	 	65,637	 	
Impairment charge	 	—	 	295	 	—	 	—	 	295	 	
 	 	1,940	 	431,176	 	17,281	 	(9,866	)	440,531	 	
Operating income (loss)	 	(1,940	)	46,225	 	(2,852	)	—	 	41,433	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other expense/(income), net:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	 	(29,044	)	(116	)	(325	)	29,032	 	(453	)	
Interest expense	 	30,812	 	27,932	 	132	 	(29,032	)	29,844	 	
(Income) loss from equity method investments	 	(17,841	)	(2,883	)	—	 	17,841	 	(2,883	)	
Loss on debt extinguishment 	 	1,716	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	1,716	 	
Other expense/(income), net:	 	(411	)	686	 	(2	)	—	 	273	 	
Other expense/(income), net	 	(14,768	)	25,619	 	(195	)	17,841	 	28,497	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and discontinued operations 	 	12,828	 	20,606	 	(2,657	)	(17,841	)	12,936	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Provision for income taxes	 	5,559	 	—	 	166	 	—	 	5,725	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) from continuing operations before discontinued operations	 	7,269	 	20,606	 	(2,823	)	(17,841	)	7,211	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Discontinued operations:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income from discontinued operations, net	 	—	 	140	 	—	 	—	 	140	 	
Loss on disposal of discontinued operations, net	 	—	 	(82	)	—	 	—	 	(82	)	
Net income (loss)	 	7,269	 	20,664	 	(2,823	)	(17,841	)	7,269	 	
Preferred stock dividend	 	3,338	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	3,338	 	
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	 	$	3,931	 	$	20,664	 	$	(2,823	)	$	(17,841	)	$	3,931	 	
 
99

 
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FISCAL YEAR ENDED APRIL 30, 2006
(in thousands)
 	 	Parent	 	Guarantors	 	Non - Guarantors	 	Elimination	 	Consolidated	 	
Revenues	 	$	—	 	$	523,944	 	$	10,012	 	$	(8,028	)	$	525,928	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of operations	 	12	 	346,639	 	9,897	 	(8,028	)	348,520	 	
General and administration	 	(429	)	68,875	 	698	 	—	 	69,144	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	1,660	 	62,659	 	270	 	—	 	64,589	 	
Deferred costs	 	—	 	1,329	 	—	 	—	 	1,329	 	
 	 	1,243	 	479,502	 	10,865	 	(8,028	)	483,582	 	
Operating income (loss)	 	(1,243	)	44,442	 	(853	)	—	 	42,346	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other expense/(income), net:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	 	(32,500	)	(370	)	(453	)	32,395	 	(928	)	
Interest expense	 	35,451	 	29,831	 	55	 	(32,395	)	32,942	 	
(Income) loss from equity method investments	 	(20,600	)	(5,858	)	—	 	20,716	 	(5,742	)	
Other (income)/expense, net:	 	(1,703	)	(282	)	—	 	—	 	(1,985	)	
Other expense/(income), net	 	(19,352	)	23,321	 	(398	)	20,716	 	24,287	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) before income taxes 	 	18,109	 	21,121	 	(455	)	(20,716	)	18,059	 	
Provision for income taxes	 	7,005	 	—	 	(50	)	—	 	6,955	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss)	 	11,104	 	21,121	 	(405	)	(20,716	)	11,104	 	
Preferred stock dividend	 	3,432	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	3,432	 	
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	 	$	7,672	 	$	21,121	 	$	(405	)	$	(20,716	)	$	7,672	 	
 
100

 
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FISCAL YEAR ENDED APRIL 30, 2004
(in thousands)
 	 	Parent	 	Guarantors	 	Non-Guarantors	 	Elimination	 	Consolidated	 	
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities	 	$	1,560	 	$	64,602	 	$	3,736	 	$	—	 	$	69,898	 	
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired 	 	—	 	(31,947	)	—	 	—	 	(31,947	)	
Additions to property, plant and equipment — growth	 	—	 	(10,271	)	—	 	—	 	(10,271	)	
— maintenance	 	(1,561	)	(43,762	)	(2,741	)	—	 	(48,064	)	
Payments on landfill operating lease contracts	 	—	 	(32,223	)	—	 	—	 	(32,223	)	
Proceeds from divestitures	 	—	 	4,984	 	—	 	—	 	4,984	 	
Advances to unconsolidated entities	 	(7,332	)	—	 	—	 	—	 	(7,332	)	
Other	 	—	 	1,195	 	—	 	—	 	1,195	 	
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities	 	(8,893	)	(112,024	)	(2,741	)	—	 	(123,658	)	
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from long-term borrowings	 	193,285	 	2,018	 	—	 	—	 	195,303	 	
Principal payments on long-term debt	 	(146,626	)	(2,667	)	(1,269	)	—	 	(150,562	)	
Deferred financing costs	 	(2,632	)	—	 	—	 	—	 	(2,632	)	
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	 	4,006	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	4,006	 	
Intercompany borrowings	 	(47,164	)	47,270	 	(106	)	—	 	—	 	
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities	 	869	 	46,621	 	(1,375	)	—	 	46,115	 	
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	 	(6,464	)	(801	)	(380	)	—	 	(7,645	)	
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	 	8,259	 	6,615	 	778	 	—	 	15,652	 	
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	 	$	1,795	 	$	5,814	 	$	398	 	$	—	 	$	8,007	 	
 
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FISCAL YEAR ENDED APRIL 30, 2005
(in thousands)
 	 	Parent	 	Guarantors	 	Non-Guarantors	 	Elimination	 	Consolidated	 	
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities	 	$	(1,325	)	$	81,571	 	$	2,788	 	$	—	 	$	83,034	 	
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired 	 	—	 	(9,513	)	—	 	—	 	(9,513	)	
Additions to property, plant and equipment — growth	 	—	 	(24,723	)	—	 	—	 	(24,723	)	
— maintenance	 	(1,314	)	(52,947	)	(1,080	)	—	 	(55,341	)	
Payments on landfill operating lease contracts	 	—	 	(20,276	)	—	 	—	 	(20,276	)	
Proceeds from divestitures	 	—	 	3,050	 	—	 	—	 	3,050	 	
Other	 	—	 	3,048	 	—	 	—	 	3,048	 	
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities	 	(1,314	)	(101,361	)	(1,080	)	—	 	(103,755	)	
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from long-term borrowings	 	318,900	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	318,900	 	
Principal payments on long-term debt	 	(290,668	)	(4,214	)	(1,328	)	—	 	(296,210	)	
Deferred financing costs	 	(3,051	)	—	 	—	 	—	 	(3,051	)	
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	 	1,653	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	1,653	 	
Intercompany borrowings	 	(28,373	)	28,336	 	37	 	—	 	—	 	
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities	 	(1,539	)	24,122	 	(1,291	)	—	 	21,292	 	
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	 	(4,178	)	4,332	 	417	 	—	 	571	 	
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	 	1,795	 	5,814	 	398	 	—	 	8,007	 	
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	 	$	(2,383	)	$	10,146	 	$	815	 	$	—	 	$	8,578	 	
 
101

 
CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FISCAL YEAR ENDED APRIL 30, 2006
(in thousands)
 	 	Parent	 	Guarantors	 	Non-Guarantors	 	Elimination	 	Consolidated	 	
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities	 	$	(4,113	)	$	78,316	 	$	861	 	$	—	 	$	75,064	 	
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired 	 	—	 	(19,691	)	—	 	—	 	(19,691	)	
Additions to property, plant and equipment — growth	 	—	 	(47,474	)	—	 	—	 	(47,474	)	
—maintenance	 	(1,981	)	(63,851	)	(705	)	—	 	(66,537	)	
Payments on landfill operating lease contracts	 	—	 	(10,539	)	—	 	—	 	(10,539	)	
Restricted cash from revenue bond issuance	 	(5,469	)	—	 	—	 	—	 	(5,469	)	
Other	 	(3,047	)	2,539	 	—	 	—	 	(508	)	
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities	 	(10,497	)	(139,016	)	(705	)	—	 	(150,218	)	
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from long-term borrowings	 	208,197	 	800	 	—	 	—	 	208,997	 	
Principal payments on long-term debt	 	(135,366	)	(1,058	)	—	 	—	 	(136,424	)	
Other	 	1,432	 	—	 	—	 	—	 	1,432	 	
Intercompany borrowings	 	(61,110	)	61,559	 	(449	)	—	 	—	 	
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities	 	13,153	 	61,301	 	(449	)	—	 	74,005	 	
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	 	(1,457	)	601	 	(293	)	—	 	(1,149	)	
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	 	(2,383	)	10,146	 	815	 	—	 	8,578	 	
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	 	$	(3,840	)	$	10,747	 	$	522	 	$	—	 	$	7,429	 	
 
102

ITEM 9.                    CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A.           CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of April 30, 2006. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of April 30, 2006, the Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Management’s report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13(a)-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) under the Exchange Act) and the independent registered public accounting firm’s related audit report are included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K and are incorporated herein by reference.
No change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting occurred during the fiscal quarter ended April 30, 2006 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
103

ITEM 9B.           OTHER INFORMATION
On March 2, 2006, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the accelerated vesting of all unvested stock options (the “Options”) granted to employees, directors, and executive officers under the Company’s 1997 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan or Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Plans”). As a result of the vesting acceleration, Options to purchase approximately 424,000 shares became immediately exercisable. All other terms of these Options, including number of shares and exercise prices, remain unchanged.
The following Options held by the Company’s named executive officers and directors were so accelerated:
Named Executive Officer/Director	 	 	 	Aggregate Number of
Options Accelerated	 	
 	 	 	 	
John W. Casella	 	30,000	 	
James W. Bohlig	 	30,000	 	
Charles E. Leonard	 	30,000	 	
Richard A. Norris	 	30,000	 	
 	 	 	 	
Gregory B. Peters	 	15,000	 	
Joseph G. Doody	 	12,500	 	
John F. Chapple III	 	15,000	 	
James F. Callahan, Jr.	 	15,000	 	
Douglas R. Casella	 	30,000	 	
D. Randolph Peeler	 	15,000	 	
James P. McManus	 	7,500	 	
 
The Company implemented the acceleration to eliminate non-cash compensation expense that would have to be recorded in future periods following the Company’s adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, “Share Based Payment (revised 2004),” (“SFAS No. 123R”) effective May 1, 2006. SFAS No. 123R requires recognizing compensation expense for any unvested stock options at the date of adoption over the remaining requisite service period of the Options. Prior to May 1, the Company accounted for Options using the intrinsic value method of accounting prescribed by Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees” and provides footnote disclosure of the compensation expense associated with the Options on a pro forma basis. The Company estimates that the acceleration of the vesting of the Options will reduce the amount of share based compensation expense to be recognized, net of income taxes, by approximately $0.7 million in future periods.
104

PART III
Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III (except for information required with respect to executive officers of the Company which is set forth under “Executive Officers and Other Key Employees of the Company” in Item 1 of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and with respect to equity compensation plan information which is set forth under “Equity Compensation Plan Information” below) have been omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, since the Company expects to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, not later than 120 days after the close of its fiscal year, a definitive proxy statement. The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which will appear in the definitive proxy statement, is incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table shows information about the securities authorized for issuance under the Company’s equity compensation plans as of April 30, 2006:
 	 	(a)	 	(b)	 	(c)	 	
Plan Category	 	 	 	Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding
options(1)	 	Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding options	 	Number of securities
remaining
available for future
issuance
under equity
compensation
plans (excluding
securities reflected
in column (a))(2)	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders	 	3,403,749	 	$	13.26	 	1,310,570	(3)	
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders 	 	—	 	$	—	 	—	 	

(1)                                  This table excludes an aggregate of 31,251 shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options assumed by the Company in connection with its acquisition of KTI, Inc. The weighted average exercise price of the excluded options is $22.25.
(2)                                  In addition to being available for future issuance upon exercise of options that may be granted after April 30, 2006, 890,696 shares under the Company’s Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Incentive Plan, of the 1,310,570 reflected in column (c), may instead be issued in the form of restricted stock or other equity-based awards.
(3)                                  Includes 411,374 shares issuable under the Company’s 1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
105

PART IV
ITEM 15.             EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1)	 	Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8:	 	 	
 	 	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	 	 	
 	 	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of April 30, 2005 and 2006	 	 	
 	 	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005, and 2006.	 	 	
 	 	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the fiscal years ended April 30 2004, 2005, and 2006.	 	 	
 	 	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2004, 2005, and 2006.	 	 	
 	 	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
(a)(2)	 	Financial Statement Schedules:	 	 	
 	 	Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
(a)(3)	 	Exhibits:	 	 	
 	 	The Exhibits that are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or that are incorporated by reference herein are set forth in the Exhibit Index hereto.	 	 	
(b)	 	The Exhibits that are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or that are incorporated by reference herein are set forth in the Exhibit Index hereto.	 	 	
(c)	 	The Exhibits that are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are set forth in the Exhibit Index hereto.	 	 	
 
106

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 	 	 	 	CASELLA WASTE SYSTEMS, INC.	
 	 	 	 	 	
Dated: June 21, 2006	 	By:	 	/s/ JOHN W. CASELLA	
 	 	 	 	John W. Casella	
 	 	 	 	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer	
 	 	 	 	Date:	
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.
Signature	 	Title	 	Date	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ JOHN W. CASELLA	 	Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive	 	June 21, 2006	
John W. Casella	 	Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
s/ JAMES W. BOHLIG	 	 	 	June 21, 2006	
James W. Bohlig	 	President and Chief Operating Officer, Director	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ RICHARD A. NORRIS	 	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal	 	June 21, 2006	
Richard A. Norris	 	Accounting and Financial Officer)	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ DOUGLAS R. CASELLA	 	 	 	June 21, 2006	
Douglas R. Casella	 	Director	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ JOHN F. CHAPPLE III	 	 	 	June 21, 2006	
John F. Chapple III	 	Director	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ GREGORY B. PETERS	 	 	 	June 21, 2006	
Gregory B. Peters	 	Director	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ JAMES F. CALLAHAN, JR.	 	 	 	June 21, 2006	
James F. Callahan, Jr.	 	Director	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ D. RANDOLPH PEELER	 	 	 	June 21, 2006	
D. Randolph Peeler	 	Director	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ JOSEPH G. DOODY	 	 	 	June 21, 2006	
Joseph G. Doody	 	Director	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
/s/ JAMES P. MCMANUS	 	 	 	June 21, 2006	
James P. McManus	 	Director	 	 	
 
107

 
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM ON FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Casella Waste Systems, Inc.:
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements, of management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting referred to in our report dated June 21, 2006 appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K also included an audit of the financial statement schedule listed in Item 15(a)(2) of this Form 10-K. In our opinion, this financial statement schedule presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP	 	 	
 	 	 	
Boston, Massachusetts	 	 	
June 21, 2006	 	 	
 
108

FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Schedule II
Valuation Accounts
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
(in thousands)
 	 	Fiscal Year Ended April 30,	 	
 	 	2004	 	2005	 	2006	 	
Balance at beginning of period	 	$	895	 	$	583	 	$	707	 	
Additions—Charged to expense	 	1,524	 	1,115	 	571	 	
Deductions—Bad debts written off, net of recoveries	 	(1,836	)	(991	)	(617	)	
Balance at end of period	 	$	583	 	$	707	 	$	661	 	
 
109

EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
No.	 	Description	 	
 	 	 	 	
2.1	 	Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of January 12, 1999 and as amended by Amendments No. 1, 2 and 3 thereto, among Casella Waste Systems, Inc. (“Casella”), KTI, Inc. (“KTI”) and Rutland Acquisition Sub, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Annex A to the registration statement on Form S-4 as filed November 12, 1999 (file no. 333-90913)).	 	
3.1	 	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Casella (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the registration statement on Form S-8 of Casella as filed November 18, 1998 (file no. 333-67487)).	 	
3.3	 	Second Amended and Restated By-Laws of Casella (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed August 18, 2000 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
4.1	 	Form of stock certificate of Casella Class A common stock (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4 to Amendment No. 2 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed October 9, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
4.2	 	Certificate of Designation creating Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed August 18, 2000 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
4.3	 	Indenture, dated January 24, 2003, by and among Casella Waste Systems, Inc., the Guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, relating to the 9.75% Senior Subordinated Notes due 2013, including the form of 9.75% Senior Subordinated Note (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed January 24, 2003 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
4.4	 	Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement, dated January 21, 2003, by and among Casella Waste Systems, Inc., the Guarantors listed therein and Purchasers listed therein, relating to the 9.75% Senior Subordinated Notes due 2013 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the registration statement on Form S-4 of Casella as filed on February 11, 2003 (file no. 333-103106)).	 	
10.1	 	1993 Incentive Stock Option Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.2	 	1994 Nonstatutory Stock Option Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.3	 	1996 Stock Option Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.4	 	1997 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Amendment No. 1 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed September 24, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.5	 	Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to the Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A of Casella as filed September 21, 1998).	 	
10.6	 	1995 Registration Rights Agreement between Casella and the stockholders who are a party thereto, dated as of December 22, 1995 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.7	 	Warrant to Purchase Common Stock of Casella granted to John W. Casella, dated as of July 26, 1993 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Amendment No. 1 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed September 24, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.8	 	Warrant to Purchase Common Stock of Casella granted to Douglas R. Casella, dated as of July 26, 1993 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Amendment No. 1 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed September 24, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.9	 	Lease Agreement, as Amended, between Casella Associates and Casella Waste Management, Inc., dated December 9, 1994 (Rutland lease) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.10	 	Lease Agreement, as Amended, between Casella Associates and Casella Waste Management, Inc., dated December 9, 1994 (Montpelier lease) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
 
110

 
10.11	 	Lease, Operations and Maintenance Agreement between CV Landfill, Inc. and the Registrant dated June 30, 1994 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.12	 	Restated Operation and Management Agreement by and between Clinton County (N.Y.) and the Registrant dated September 9, 1996 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.13	 	Labor Utilization Agreement by and between Clinton County (N.Y.) and the Registrant dated August 7, 1996 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.14	 	Lease and Option Agreement by and between Waste U.S.A., Inc. and New England Waste Services of Vermont, Inc., dated December 14, 1995 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed August 7, 1997 (file no. 333-33135)).	 	
10.15	 	Amendment No. 2 to Lease Agreement, by and between Casella Associates and Casella Waste Management, Inc., dated as of November 20, 1997 (Rutland lease). (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the registration statement on Form S-1 of Casella as filed on June 25, 1998 (file no. 333-57745)).	 	
10.16	 	Amendment No. 1 to Stock Option Agreement, dated as of May 12, 1999, by and between KTI, Inc. and the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed May 13, 1999 (file no.000-23211)).	 	
10.17	 	Power Purchase Agreement between Maine Energy Recovery Company and Central Maine Power Company dated January 12, 1984, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the registration statement on Form S-4 of KTI as filed October 18, 1994 (file no. 33-85234)).	 	
10.18	 	Host Municipalities’ Waste Handling Agreement among Biddeford-Saco Solid Waste Committee, City of Biddeford, City of Saco and Maine Energy Recovery Company dated June 7, 1991 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the registration statement on Form S-4 of KTI as filed October 18, 1994 (file no. 33-85234)).	 	
10.19	 	Form of Maine Energy Recovery Company Waste Handling Agreement (Town of North Berwick) dated June 7, 1991 and Schedule of Substantially Identical Waste Disposal Agreements (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the registration statement on Form S-4 of KTI as filed October 18, 1994 (file no. 33-85234)).	 	
10.20	 	Third Amendment to Power Purchase Agreement between Maine Energy Recovery Company, L.P. and Central Maine Power Company dated November 6, 1995. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to the registration statement on Form S-4 as filed November 12, 1999 (file no. 333-90913)).	 	
10.21	 	Non-Exclusive License to Use Technology between KTI and Oakhurst Technology, Inc. dated December 29, 1998 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the current report on Form 8-K of KTI as filed January 15, 1999 (file no. 000-25490)).	 	
10.22	 	Management Compensation Agreement between Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and John W. Casella dated December 8, 1999 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed August 4, 2000 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.23	 	Management Compensation Agreement between Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and James W. Bohlig dated December 8, 1999 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed August 4, 2000 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.24	 	Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2000, by and among the Company and the Purchasers identified therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed August 18, 2000 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.25	 	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 11, 2000, by and among the Company and the Purchasers identified therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed August 18, 2000 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.26	 	KTI, Inc. 1994 Long-Term Incentive Award Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3) to the Schedule TO of Casella as filed July 2, 2001 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.27	 	KTI, Inc. Non-Plan Stock Option Terms and Conditions (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(4) to the Schedule TO of Casella as filed July 2, 2001 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.28	 	Management Compensation Agreement between Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and Charles E. Leonard dated June 18, 2001 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on July 12, 2002 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
 
111

 
10.29	 	Management Compensation Agreement between Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and Richard Norris dated July 20, 2001 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on July 12, 2002 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.30	 	US GreenFiber LLC Limited Liability Company Agreement, dated June 26, 2000, between U.S. Fiber, Inc. and Greenstone Industries, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on July 12, 2002 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.31	 	Purchase Agreement, dated August 17, 2001, by and among Crumb Rubber Investors Co., LLC, Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and KTI Environmental Group, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on July 12, 2002 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.32	 	Purchase Agreement, dated August 17, 2001, by and among New Heights Holding Corporation, KTI, Inc., KTI Operations, Inc. and Casella Waste Systems, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on July 12, 2002 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.33	 	Form of Non-Plan Non-Statutory Stock Option Agreement as issued by Casella Waste Systems, Inc. to certain individuals as of May 25, 1994 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on July 12, 2002 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.34	 	Second Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Term Loan Agreement, dated January 24, 2003, by and among Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and its Subsidiaries (other than Excluded Subsidiaries), the lending institutions party thereto and Fleet National Bank, individually and as administrative agent, and Bank of America, N.A., individually and as syndication agent, with Fleet Securities, Inc. and Banc of American Securities LLC acting as Co-Arrangers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Casella Waste Systems Inc. as filed September 12, 2003 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.35	 	Construction, Operation and Management Agreement between New England Waste Services of Massachusetts, Inc. and the Town of Templeton, Massachusetts (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on July 24, 2003 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.36	 	Amendment No. 1 and Release to Second Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Term Loan Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on July 24, 2003 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.37	 	Amendment No. 2 to Second Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Term Loan Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Casella Waste Systems, Inc. as filed on September 12, 2003 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.38	 	Amendment No. 3 and Consent to Certain Acquisitions to Second Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Term Loan Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the registration statement on Form S-4 of Casella Waste Systems, Inc. as filed on February 20, 2004 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.39	 	Joinder Agreement to Second Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Term Loan Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the registration statement on Form S-4 of Casella Waste Systems, Inc. as filed on February 20, 2004 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.40	 	Amendment No. 4 to Second Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Term Loan Agreement. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on June 25, 2004 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.41	 	Summary of compensatory arrangements including cash bonus arrangement, and salaries and other compensatory terms for executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on June 21, 2005 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.42	 	Summary of compensating arrangements for non-employee directors (incorporated herein by reference to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on March 8, 2005 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.43	 	Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated April 28, 2005, by and among Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and its Subsidiaries (other than Excluded Subsidiaries), the lending institutions party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., individually and as administrative agent, and Bank of America Securities LLC, as sole arranger and sole book manager, with Citizens Bank, as syndication agent and Sovereign Bank, Wachovia Bank and Calyon New York Branch, as co-documentation agents. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Casella as filed on June 28, 2005 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
 
112

 
10.44	 	Summary of compensatory arrangements for non-employee directors (incorporated herein by reference to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on September 9, 2005 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.45	 	Financing Agreement between Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and Finance Authority of Maine, Dated as of December 1, 2006 relating to issuance of Finance Authority of Maine Solid Waste Disposal Revenue Bonds (Casella Waste Services, Inc. Project) Series 2005 (incorporated herein by reference to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on January 4, 2006 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
10.46	 	First Amendment To Amended And Restated Revolving Credit Agreement by and among the Company, the Borrowers, the Lenders, and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent, Swing Line Lender and L/C Issuer (incorporated herein by reference to the current report on Form 8-K of Casella as filed on June 8, 2006 (file no. 000-23211)).	 	
21.1	 	Subsidiaries of Casella Waste Systems, Inc.	 	
23.1	 	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.	 	
23.2	 	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP on Financial Statements of US GreenFiber, LLC.	 	
31.1	 	Certification of Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	 	
31.2	 	Certification of Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	 	
32.1	 	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	 	
99.1	 	Financial Statements of US GreenFiber, LLC	 	
 
113

 
Exhibit 21.1
Subsidiaries of Registrant
Name	 	Jurisdiction of Incorporation	
 	 	 	
All Cycle Waste, Inc.	 	Vermont	
Atlantic Coast Fibers, Inc.	 	Delaware	
B. and C. Sanitation Corporation	 	New York	
Better Bedding Corp.	 	New York	
Blasdell Development Group, Inc.	 	New York	
Blue Mountain Recycling LLC	 	Pennsylvania	
Bristol Waste Management, Inc.	 	Vermont	
C.V. Landfill, Inc.	 	Vermont	
Casella Insurance Company	 	Vermont	
Casella Major Account Services LLC	 	Vermont	
Casella NH Investors Co. LLC	 	Delaware	
Casella NH Power Co., LLC	 	Delaware	
Casella RTG Investors Co., LLC	 	Delaware	
Casella Transportation, Inc.	 	Vermont	
Casella Waste Management of Cape Cod, Inc.	 	Massachusetts	
Casella Waste Management of Holliston, Inc.	 	Massachusetts	
Casella Waste Management of Massachusetts, Inc.	 	Massachusetts	
Casella Waste Management of N.Y., Inc.	 	New York	
Casella Waste Management of Pennsylvania, Inc.	 	Pennsylvania	
Casella Waste Management, Inc.	 	Vermont	
Casella Waste Services of Ontario LLC	 	New York	
Casella Waste Systems, Inc.	 	Delaware	
Chemung Landfill LLC	 	New York	
Colebrook Landfill LLC	 	New Hampshire	
Culchrome LLC	 	Delaware	
Corning Community Disposal Service, Inc.	 	New York	
CWM All Waste LLC	 	New Hampshire	
Fairfield County Recycling, LLC	 	Delaware	
FCR Camden, LLC	 	Delaware	
FCR Florida, LLC	 	Delaware	
FCR Greensboro, LLC	 	Delaware	
FCR Greenville, LLC	 	Delaware	
FCR Morris, LLC	 	Delaware	
FCR Redemption, LLC	 	Delaware	
FCR Tennessee, LLC	 	Delaware	
FCR, LLC	 	Delaware	
Forest Acquisitions, Inc.	 	New Hampshire	
Green Mountain Glass LLC	 	Delaware	
Grasslands, Inc.	 	New York	
GroundCo LLC	 	New York	
Hakes C & D Disposal, Inc.	 	New York	
Hardwick Landfill, Inc.	 	Massachusetts	
Hiram Hollow Regeneration Corp.	 	New York	
K-C International, Ltd.	 	Oregon	
KTI Bio-Fuels, Inc.	 	Maine	
KTI Environmental Group, Inc.	 	New Jersey	
KTI New Jersey Fibers, Inc.	 	Delaware	
KTI Operations, Inc.	 	Delaware	

 
KTI Recycling of New England, LLC	 	Maine	
KTI Specialty Waste Services, Inc.	 	Maine	
KTI, Inc.	 	New Jersey	
Lewiston Landfill LLC	 	Maine	
Maine Energy Recovery Company, Limited Partnership	 	Maine	
Mecklenburg County Recycling, Inc.	 	Connecticut	
New England Landfill Solutions, LLC	 	Massachusetts	
Natural Environmental, Inc.	 	New York	
New England Waste Services of Massachusetts, Inc.	 	Massachusetts	
New England Waste Services of ME, Inc.	 	Maine	
New England Waste Services of N.Y., Inc.	 	New York	
New England Waste Services of Vermont, Inc.	 	Vermont	
New England Waste Services, Inc.	 	Vermont	
Newbury Waste Management, Inc.	 	Vermont	
NEWS of Worcester LLC	 	Massachusetts	
NEWSME Landfill Operations LLC	 	Maine	
NH Investors Co., LLC	 	Delaware	
North Country Composting Services, Inc.	 	New Hampshire	
North Country Environmental Services, Inc.	 	Virginia	
North Country Trucking, Inc.	 	New York	
Northern Properties Corporation of Plattsburgh	 	New York	
Northern Sanitation, Inc.	 	New York	
Perc Management Company, LP	 	Maine	
PERC, Inc.	 	Delaware	
Pine Tree Waste, Inc.	 	Maine	
Portland C&D Site, Inc.	 	New York	
R.A Bronson, Inc.	 	New York	
Recovery Technologies Operations LLC	 	Illinois	
Resource Recovery Systems of Sarasota, Inc.	 	Florida	
Resource Recovery Systems, LLC	 	Delaware	
ReSource Transfer Services, Inc.	 	Massachusetts	
ReSource Waste Systems, Inc.	 	Massachusetts	
Rochester Environmental Park LLC	 	Massachusetts	
Rockingham Sand & Gravel, LLC	 	Vermont	
Schultz Landfill, Inc.	 	New York	
Southbridge Recycling & Disposal Park, Inc.	 	Massachusetts	
Sunderland Waste Management, Inc.	 	Vermont	
Templeton Landfill LLC	 	Massachusetts	
The Hyland Facility Associates	 	New York	
Total Waste Management Corp.	 	New Hampshire	
Trilogy Glass LLC	 	New York	
U.S. Fiber, LLC	 	North Carolina	
Waste-Stream, Inc.	 	New York	
Westfield Disposal Service, Inc	 	New York	
Winters Brothers, Inc.	 	Vermont	

 
Exhibit 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-31022, 333-40267, 333-43537, 333-43539, 333-43541, 333-43543, 333-43635, 333-67487, 333-92735 and 333-100553), and on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-21088, 333-31268, 333-85279, 333-88097 and 333-95841) of Casella Waste Systems, Inc. of our reports dated June 21, 2006 relating to the financial statements, financial statement schedule, management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appear in this Form 10-K.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
June 21, 2006

 
Exhibit 23.2
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP	
 	 	PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
214 North Tryon Street
Suite 3600
Charlotte, NC 28202
Telephone (704) 344-7500
Facsimile (704) 344-4100	

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-31022, 333-40267, 333-43537, 333-43539, 333-43541, 333-43543, 333-43635, 333-67487, 333-92735 and 333-100553), and on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-21088, 333-31268, 333-85279, 333-88097 and 333-95841) of Casella Waste Systems, Inc. of our report dated March 17, 2006, on the financial statements of US GreenFiber, LLC as of and for the years ended December 31, 2005, which appears in this Form 10-K.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Charlotte, North Carolina
June 19, 2006

EXHIBIT 31.1
CERTIFICATIONS
I, John W. Casella, certify that:
1.    I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Casella Waste Systems, Inc.;
2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
           a)   Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
           b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
          c)   Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
           d)   Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
           a)   All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
           b)   Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: June 21, 2006	 	 	
 	 	 	
 	 	By: /s/  JOHN W. CASELLA	
 	 	John W. Casella	
 	 	Chief Executive Officer	

 
EXHIBIT 31.2
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Richard A. Norris, certify that:
1.    I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Casella Waste Systems, Inc.;
2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
           a)   Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
           b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
          c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
           d)   Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
           a)   All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
           b)   Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: June 21, 2006	 	 	
 	 	 	
 	 	By: /s/  RICHARD A. NORRIS	
 	 	Richard A. Norris	
 	 	Chief Financial Officer	

EXHIBIT 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
STATEMENT PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. §1350
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, each of the undersigned certifies that this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2006 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in this report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Casella Waste Systems, Inc.
 	 	/s/  JOHN W. CASELLA	 	 	
Dated: June 21, 2006	 	John W. Casella	 	 	
 	 	Chief Executive Officer and Director	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	/s/  RICHARD A. NORRIS	 	 	
Dated: June 21, 2006	 	Richard A. Norris
Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer	 	 	

Exhibit 99.1
US GreenFiber, LLC
Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003

US GreenFiber, LLC
Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003
 	 	Page(s)	
 	 	 	
Report of Independent Auditors	 	1	
 	 	 	
Consolidated Financial Statements	 	 	
 	 	 	
Balance Sheets	 	2	
 	 	 	
Statements of Operations and Members’ Equity	 	3	
 	 	 	
Statements of Cash Flows	 	4	
 	 	 	
Notes to Financial Statements	 	5—12	

Report of Independent Auditors
To the Board of Managers
US GreenFiber, LLC
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of operations and members’ equity and of cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of US GreenFiber, LLC (the ”Company”) and its subsidiary at December 31, 2005 and 2004 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2005, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
March 17, 2006
1

US GreenFiber, LLC
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, 2005 and 2004

 	 	2005	 	2004	 	
Assets	 	 	 	 	 	
Current assets	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	$	3,188,819	 	$	3,287,499	 	
Accounts receivable, less allowance fordoubtful accounts of approximately $101,000 in 2005 and $183,000 in 2004	 	27,433,267	 	20,867,384	 	
Futures contract (Note 5)	 	782,000	 	5,500,000	 	
Other assets	 	1,851,267	 	1,797,405	 	
Inventory	 	5,136,912	 	4,870,091	 	
Total current assets	 	38,392,265	 	36,322,379	 	
Property, plant and equipment, net	 	41,901,422	 	31,582,749	 	
Goodwill	 	2,728,987	 	1,232,850	 	
Intangible assets, net	 	989,069	 	1,012,918	 	
Total assets	 	$	84,011,743	 	$	70,150,896	 	
Liabilities and Members' Equity	 	 	 	 	 	
Current liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	 	$13,981,832	 	$	9,075,168	 	
Accrued liabilities (Note 4)	 	9,192,401	 	6,622,263	 	
Current portion of capital lease obligation	 	251,604	 	196,515	 	
Total current liabilities	 	23,425,837	 	15,893,946	 	
Capital lease obligation	 	229,799	 	169,696	 	
Other long-term liabilities	 	2,109,116	 	453,557	 	
Total liabilities	 	25,764,752	 	16,517,199	 	
Commitments (Note 7)	 	 	 	 	 	
Members' equity	 	58,246,991	 	53,633,697	 	
Total liabilities and members' equity	 	$84,011,743	 	$	70,150,896	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
2

US GreenFiber, LLC
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Members’ Equity
Years Ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003

 	 	2005	 	2004	 	2003	 	
Sales	 	$	149,084,503	 	$	123,529,053	 	$	102,503,918	 	
Cost of sales	 	116,742,164	 	97,309,465	 	79,941,482	 	
Gross profit	 	32,342,339	 	26,219,588	 	22,562,436	 	
Selling, general and administrative expenses	 	23,228,021	 	21,451,360	 	19,007,376	 	
Income from operations	 	9,114,318	 	4,768,228	 	3,555,060	 	
Other income (expense)	 	216,976	 	(38,450	)	7,059	 	
Net income	 	9,331,294	 	4,729,778	 	3,562,119	 	
Other comprehensive income (Note 5)	 	(4,718,000	)	1,892,000	 	1,608,000	 	
Comprehensive income	 	4,613,294	 	6,621,778	 	5,170,119	 	
Members’ equity, beginning of year	 	53,633,697	 	51,011,919	 	49,841,800	 	
Capital distribution to members	 	—	 	(4,000,000	)	(4,000,000	)	
Members’ equity, end of year	 	$	58,246,991	 	$	53,633,697	 	$	51,011,919	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
3

US GreenFiber, LLC
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years Ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003

 	 	2005	 	2004	 	2003	 	
Cash flows from operating activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income	 	$	9,331,294	 	$	4,729,778	 	$	3,562,119	 	
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation	 	6,733,156	 	5,342,072	 	4,827,595	 	
Amortization	 	108,346	 	109,482	 	109,482	 	
Gain on disposal of assets	 	(142,712	)	(62,092	)	(15,408	)	
Provision for accounts receivable	 	81,899	 	66,961	 	94,235	 	
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects from purchase of Bonded Insulation Company, Inc. (Note 1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts receivable	 	(5,927,470	)	(2,810,571	)	(4,873,487	)	
Inventories	 	(35,282	)	(715,921	)	(517,232	)	
Accounts payable	 	3,989,705	 	1,710,800	 	759,486	 	
Accrued expenses	 	2,081,488	 	2,047,979	 	1,033,015	 	
Other assets	 	(24,863	)	(441,197	)	9,324	 	
Other liabilities	 	1,066,089	 	453,557	 	(600,000	)	
Net cash provided by operating activities	 	17,261,650	 	10,430,848	 	4,389,129	 	
Cash flows from investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	 	(14,741,868	)	(7,061,183	)	(4,563,912	)	
Purchases of intangible assets	 	(73,247	)	(90,750	)	(34,364	)	
Purchase of Bonded Insulation Company, Inc.	 	(2,760,997	)	—	 	—	 	
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	 	426,673	 	509,773	 	415,713	 	
Net cash used in investing activities	 	(17,149,439	)	(6,642,160	)	(4,182,563	)	
Cash flows from financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Distribution to members	 	—	 	(4,000,000	)	(4,000,000	)	
Payments on capital lease obligation	 	(210,891	)	(156,645	)	(59,218	)	
Net cash used in financing activities	 	(210,891	)	(4,156,645	)	(4,059,218	)	
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	 	(98,680	)	(367,957	)	(3,852,652	)	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Beginning of year	 	3,287,499	 	3,655,456	 	7,508,108	 	
End of year	 	$	3,188,819	 	$	3,287,499	 	$	3,655,456	 	
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash paid during the year for interest	 	$	27,311	 	$	28,580	 	$	15,700	 	
Supplemental schedule of noncash transactions	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gain (loss) in fair market value of cash flow hedge derivatives	 	(4,718,000	)	1,892,000	 	1,608,000	 	
Purchase of equipment under capital leases	 	326,083	 	269,106	 	312,968	 	
Assets acquired through accounts payable	 	644,337	 	427,119	 	523,027	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
4

US GreenFiber, LLC
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003

1.                           Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Description of the Business
Description of the Business
US GreenFiber, LLC (the ”Company”) was incorporated in July 2000 under the state laws of Delaware. The Company is an equally-owned joint venture formed by Louisiana-Pacific (“LP”) and Casella Waste Systems, Inc. (“Casella”) whereby each contributed certain cellulose manufacturing operations to the joint venture.
The Company, based in Charlotte, North Carolina, manufactures and supplies cellulose insulation nation-wide to contractors, manufactured home builders and retailers. The Company has manufacturing facilities located in Albany, New York, Atlanta, Georgia; Charlotte, North Carolina; Delphos, Ohio; Denver, Colorado; Elkwood, Virginia; Norfolk, Nebraska; Phoenix, Arizona; Sacramento, California; Tampa, Florida and Waco, Texas.
Under the terms of the joint venture agreement (the ”Agreement”), net profits and losses are to be allocated first to each member based on their respective Adjusted Capital Account and secondly, in accordance with their Percentage Interests, as defined in the Agreement.
On July 12, 2005, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement to acquire 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of Bonded Insulation Company, Inc. for a total purchase price of $2,760,997. The acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method of accounting. Accordingly, the consideration paid was allocated based on the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. The purchase price was allocated as follows:
Real property	 	$	30,000	 	
Building	 	436,381	 	
Land improvements	 	35,003	 	
Equipment	 	1,448,202	 	
Other assets/liabilities	 	(694,726	)	
Noncompete agreements	 	10,000	 	
Goodwill	 	1,496,137	 	
 	 	$	2,760,997	 	
 
In July 2005, the name of the acquired entity was changed from Bonded Insulation Company, Inc. to GreenFiber Albany, Inc.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of U.S. GreenFiber, LLC and its wholly owned subsidiary, GreenFiber Albany, Inc. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
5

 
Inventories
Inventories consist primarily of raw material (recycled newspaper) and finished goods (cellulose insulation) and are valued at the lower of average cost or market.
As of December 31, 2005, the Company had entered into 16 raw material contracts with various suppliers in order to mitigate supply risk on recycled newspaper. These contracts, with various expiration dates through July 2008, require the Company to purchase approximately 144,000 short tons of raw material per month at various prices which approximates market prices as defined within the contracts.
The Company uses commodity futures contracts to manage price exposures on anticipated purchases of raw material (Note 5).
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost. Expenditures for maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of assets as follows:
 
Asset Classification	 	 	 	Estimated
Useful Lives	 	
 	 	 	 	
Buildings and improvements	 	15–20 years	 	
Furniture and fixtures	 	3–10 years	 	
Machinery and equipment	 	1–13 years	 	
Trucks and trailers	 	4–8 years	 	
 
When assets are sold or retired, the related cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the respective accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the determination of income.
The Company reviews the carrying value of property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable from the estimated future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition. In cases where undiscounted expected future cash flows are less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized equal to an amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of assets.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets subject to amortization total approximately $989,000 and $1,013,000 at December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively, and consist principally of patents and a noncompete agreement. Patents and non-compete agreement are amortized on a straight-line method over useful lives of 15 and 5 years, respectively. Amortization of intangible assets charged to operations amounted to approximately $112,000 for 2005 and $109,000 for 2004 and 2003. Estimated amortization expense for the years 2006 through 2010 is $91,000, $69,000, $69,000, $69,000, and $68,000 respectively. The Company evaluates the recoverability of intangible assets when events or circumstances indicate a possible inability to recover carrying amounts. Such evaluation is based on various analyses, including cash flows and profitability projections. These analyses necessarily involve management judgment.
6

 
Goodwill
Goodwill consists of the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired in purchase business combinations in 2005 and 2002. Goodwill totaled approximately $2,729,000 and $1,233,000 at December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. The Company evaluates the recoverability of goodwill on an annual basis, or when events or circumstances indicate a possible inability to recover carrying amounts. Such evaluation is based on the estimated fair value of goodwill using various analyses, such as discounted cash flows and peer industry data. These analyses necessarily involve management judgment.
Income Taxes
The Company is a limited liability company. Accordingly, the accompanying financial statements do not include any provision for federal or state income taxes. All income, losses, tax credits and deductions are allocated to the Company’s members and reported on the income tax returns of each member. In 2005, the Company acquired Bonded Insulation Company, Inc. (now GreenFiber Albany, Inc.), which is taxed as a corporation. A provision for income taxes is recognized in 2005 for GreenFiber Albany, Inc. and is included in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and other income (expense) on the consolidated statement of operations.
Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company maintains its cash in bank accounts that at times exceed federally insured limits. Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and trade receivables. The Company’s accounts receivable are derived from revenue earned from customers located in the United States. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable based upon the expected collectability of accounts receivable.
For the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 approximately 54%, 51% and 42% of sales were to six customers. As of December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, 58%, 45% and 37% of accounts receivable were from these six customers, respectively.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized at the time goods are shipped and title has transferred to the customer. The Company provides sales incentives in the form of rebates to certain customers. The rebates are presented as a reduction of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Members’ Equity.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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2.                           Inventories
Inventories consist of the following at December 31:
 	 	2005	 	2004	 	
Parts	 	$	278,550	 	$	84,957	 	
Raw material	 	3,556,739	 	3,603,581	 	
Finished goods	 	1,301,623	 	1,181,553	 	
 	 	$	5,136,912	 	$	4,870,091	 	
 
3.                           Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment consists of the following at December 31:
 	 	2005	 	2004	 	
Land	 	$	255,405	 	$	174,608	 	
Construction in progress	 	10,533,292	 	861,180	 	
Buildings and improvements	 	4,226,956	 	3,908,778	 	
Furniture and fixtures	 	2,386,386	 	2,049,102	 	
Machinery and equipment	 	44,164,642	 	39,989,346	 	
Trucks and trailers	 	12,071,391	 	10,461,210	 	
 	 	73,638,072	 	57,444,224	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Less: Accumulated depreciation	 	(31,736,650	)	(25,861,475	)	
 	 	$	41,901,422	 	$	31,582,749	 	
 
4.                           Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities consist of the following at December 31:
 	 	2005	 	2004	 	
Accrued payroll, bonus and related items	 	$	2,627,697	 	$	2,294,231	 	
Sales and other taxes	 	606,624	 	535,640	 	
Customer rebate programs	 	3,312,175	 	2,181,627	 	
Current portion of long-term incentive plan (Note 8)	 	453,040	 	—	 	
Other	 	2,192,865	 	1,610,765	 	
 	 	$	9,192,401	 	$	6,622,263	 	
 
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5.                           Derivative Instruments
Commodity Instruments
The Company actively monitors its exposure to commodity prices and uses derivative instruments to manage the impact of certain of these risks. The Company uses derivatives only for purposes of managing risk associated with underlying exposures. The Company does not trade or use instruments with the objective of earning financial gains on the commodity price nor does it use instruments where there are not underlying exposures. The Company’s use of derivative financial instruments may result in short-term gains or losses and increased earnings volatility. Complex instruments involving leverage or multipliers are not used. Management believes that its use of derivative instruments to manage risk is in the Company’s best interest.
At the date new derivatives are entered into, the Company designates the derivative as either (1) a hedge of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment (fair value hedge), or (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid in the future related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge). Existing commodity instruments of the Company have been designated as cash flow hedges as of December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003. For cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the changes in the fair value of the derivative that is designated as a cash flow hedge is recorded in other comprehensive income. When the hedged item is realized, the gain or loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income is reported on the same line in the statements of income as the hedged item. In addition, the ineffective portion of the changes in the fair value of derivatives used as cash flow hedges are immediately recognized in cost of goods sold.
The Company formally documents its hedge relationships, including identifying the hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the Company’s risk management objectives and strategies for entering into the hedge relationship. This process includes matching the hedging instrument to the underlying hedged item (assets, liabilities, firm commitments or forecasted transactions). At hedge inception and at least quarterly thereafter, the Company assesses whether the derivatives used as hedges are highly effective in offsetting changes in either the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. If it is determined that a derivative ceases to be a highly effective hedge, the Company discontinues hedge accounting, and any gains or losses on the derivative instrument would be recognized in earnings during the period it no longer qualifies as a hedge.
The Company uses commodity swap contracts to manage price exposures on anticipated purchases of raw material. Of the 382,000 tons, 346,000 tons and 303,000 tons of raw materials purchased during 2005, 2004 and 2003, approximately 144,000 tons, 169,000 tons and 180,000 tons were hedged with swap contracts. The Company’s strategy is to hedge certain production requirements for various periods up to 60 months. As of December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, approximately 57,000 tons, 149,000 tons and 167,000 tons or 13%, 39% and 56%, respectively, of production requirements for the next 12 months were hedged.
As of December 31, 2005 and 2004, the fair value of outstanding commodity contracts, based on quotes from brokers, reflected on the balance sheets were approximately $780,000 and $5.5 million, respectively. Gains and (losses) of approximately $(4,718,000), $1,892,000 and $1,608,000, respectively, are included in the financial statements as other comprehensive income in the statements of operations and members’ equity for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003.
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Foreign Currency Instruments
In December 2004, the Company entered into forward contracts to manage price exposures associated with future capital expenditures commitments denominated in Euros. These foreign currency contracts have not been designated by the Company as accounting hedges. As of December 31, 2005, approximately 49% of the total capital commitment of $4.6 million was economically hedged. The total impact on current period earnings associated with changes in value of these forward contracts was immaterial.
6.                           Financing
The Company has an unsecured revolving credit facility for borrowings of up to $10 million that matures on June 30, 2006. Interest on the facility accrues at LIBOR plus 1.25%. There was $1,248,100 and $2,137,000 in letters of credit outstanding under this facility as of December 31, 2005 and 2004.
7.                           Commitments and Contingencies
The Company leases property and equipment under noncancelable capital and operating lease agreements with various expiration dates through June 30, 2015.
The following is a schedule, by year, of the future minimum payments under capital and operating leases, together with the present value of the net minimum payments as of December 31, 2005:
Year ending December 31	 	 	 	Capital
Leases	 	Operating
Leases	 	
2006	 	$	253,610	 	$	2,439,822	 	
2007	 	168,121	 	2,227,907	 	
2008	 	52,078	 	1,537,322	 	
2009	 	15,624	 	1,039,846	 	
2010	 	—	 	744,192	 	
Thereafter	 	—	 	1,363,875	 	
Total minimum payments	 	489,433	 	$	9,352,964	 	
Less: Amount representing interest	 	8,030	 	 	 	
Present value of net minimum lease payments	 	481,403	 	 	 	
Less: Current portion of capital lease obligation	 	251,604	 	 	 	
Capital lease obligation	 	$	229,799	 	 	 	
 
Rent expense for property, plant and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 was approximately $3,930,000, $3,328,000 and $3,169,000, respectively.
The Company has future capital expenditure commitments totaling approximately $2,800,000 outstanding at December 31, 2005.
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Each year claims and lawsuits may arise out of the normal conduct of its business. Although the ultimate outcome of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management of the Company believes that the resulting liability, if any, will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
8.                           Benefit Plans
The Company’s overall compensation and benefits program includes four nonqualified incentive bonus/employee profit sharing plans. Benefits payable under these plans are calculated based on the Company’s performance against budgeted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) and are allocated based on the Company’s financial performance (65%) and each participant’s individual performance (35%). Liabilities associated with these plans totaled approximately $1,548,000 and $1,554,000 at December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively, and are in included in accrued expenses.
The Company has established a long-term incentive plan (“LIP”) for certain directors and senior management designed to compensate these individuals for the creation of long-term business value. The plan provides an LIP pool based on a defined formula designed to equate to 5% of the equity created at the end of the three-year vesting period. The Company had accrued approximately $1,710,000 at December 31, 2005 and $454,000 at December 31, 2004 for the LIP, which is included in other long-term liabilities.
Additionally, the Company sponsors a 401(k) defined contribution plan covering substantially all employees. Each year, participants may contribute amounts up to 15% of pretax compensation. The Company contributes 100% of the first 3% of employee contributions and 50% of the next 2% of employee contributions. Total contributions to the plan were approximately $373,000, $333,000 and $289,000 during 2005, 2004 and 2003, respectively.
9.                           Related Party Transactions
The Company, in the normal course of business, incurred various charges from LP and Casella. These expenses, primarily for rent, shared customer rebate incentive programs, and shared personnel, for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 totaled approximately $78,000, $312,000 and $443,000, respectively.
Additionally, the Company purchased raw materials (recycled newspaper) from FCR Recycling, a subsidiary of Casella, during 2005, 2004 and 2003 of approximately $4,227,000, $3,311,000 and $2,866,000, respectively.
The Company had accounts payable to LP of $46,000 at December 31, 2005 and $120,000 at December 31, 2004.
10.                    Subsequent Events
In January 2006, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of a business that manufactures and supplies cellulose insulation for a total purchase price of approximately $1,500,000.
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In January 2006, the Company entered into an unsecured promissory note agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company was advanced the sum of $10,000,000 to be used for the acquisition of a business. Principal and interest is payable in consecutive monthly payments, with all remaining principal and interest payable and due on January 15, 2009. Interest accrues on the unpaid principal balance each month at an annual rate equal to the LIBOR Market Index Rate plus a margin of 1.25% to 1.75% based on a ratio of Funded Debt to EBITDA. In connection with this agreement, the Company is required to comply with certain financial covenants, including a stated ratio of Funded Debt to EBITDA and a minimum amount of Tangible Net Worth. To mitigate the variable interest costs associated with this note the Company entered into an interest rate swap agreement that effectively converted $7,500,000 of fixed rate debt at 6.25% for one month LIBOR plus 1.25%.
In February 2006, the Company acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of a business that manufactures and supplies cellulose insulation for a total purchase price of approximately $16,500,000.
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